• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제51권1호
• /
• pp.99-108
• /
• 2024

Early loss of the primary maxillary second molar can lead to complications in which mesial drift of the adjacent first molar (M1) can disturb eruption of the succedaneous second premolar (P2). This study reports two cases of space loss for P2 caused by early exfoliation of its predecessor. After the eruption of the first premolar, the Jones jig appliance was used to distalize M1 and regain space for the eruption of P2. The appliance was further utilized to align the palatally erupted P2 into the dental arch. In both cases, the space and corrected position of P2 were well maintained. Early exfoliation of the primary second molar caused by mesial encroachment of M1 is a common phenomenon, and pediatric dentists should attend to this during routine examinations. An appropriate intervention should be initiated when the primary second molar is lost during the mixed dentition period. If used with careful anchorage control, the Jones jig appliance can effectively resolve this problem.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제50권3호
• /
• pp.249-263
• /
• 2024

This article presents a comparative analysis of seismic behavior in steel-beam reinforced concrete column (RCS) frames versus steel and reinforced concrete frames. The study evaluates the seismic response and collapse behavior of RCS frames of varying heights through nonlinear modeling. RCS, steel, and reinforced concrete special moment frames are considered in three height categories: 5, 10, and 20 stories. Two-dimensional frames are extracted from the three-dimensional structures, and nonlinear static analyses are conducted in the OpenSEES software to evaluate seismic response in post-yield regions. Incremental dynamic analysis is then performed on models, and collapse conditions are compared using fragility curves. Research findings indicate that the seismic intensity index in steel frames is 1.35 times greater than in RCS frames and 1.14 times greater than in reinforced concrete frames. As the number of stories increases, RCS frames exhibit more favorable collapse behavior compared to reinforced concrete frames. RCS frames demonstrate stable behavior and maintain capacity at high displacement levels, with uniform drift curves and lower damage levels compared to steel and reinforced concrete frames. Steel frames show superior strength and ductility, particularly in taller structures. RCS frames outperform reinforced concrete frames, displaying improved collapse behavior and higher capacity. Incremental Dynamic Analysis results confirm satisfactory collapse capacity for RCS frames. Steel frames collapse at higher intensity levels but perform better overall. RCS frames have a higher collapse capacity than reinforced concrete frames. Fragility curves show a lower likelihood of collapse for steel structures, while RCS frames perform better with an increase in the number of stories.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.349-361
• /
• 2024

Excessive torsional behaviour is one of the major reasons for failure of buildings, as inferred from past earthquakes. Numerous seismic codes across the world specify a displacement-based or drift-based criterion for classifying buildings as torsionally irregular. In recent years, quite a few researchers have pointed out some of the inherent deficiencies associated with the current codal guidelines on torsional irregularity. This short communication paper aims to envisage the need for a revision of the displacement-based guidelines on torsional irregularity, and further highlight the appropriateness of a rotation-based criterion. A set of 6 reinforced concrete building models with asymmetric shear walls are analysed using ETABS v18.0.2, by varying the number of stories from 1 to 9, and the torsional irregularity coefficient of various stories is calculated using the displacement-based formula. Since rotation about the vertical axis is a direct indication of the twist experienced by a building, the calculated torsional irregularity coefficients of all stories are compared with the corresponding floor rotations. The conflicting results obtained for the torsional irregularity coefficients are projected through five categories, namely mismatch with floor rotations, inconsistency in trend, lack of clarity in incorporation of negative values, sensitivity to low values of displacement and error conceived in the mathematical formulation. The findings indicate that the irregularity coefficient does not accurately represent the torsional behaviour of buildings in a realistic sense. The Indian seismic code-based values of 1.2 and 1.4, which are used to characterize buildings as torsionally irregular are observed to be highly sensitive to the numerical values of displacements, rather than the actual degree of rotation. The study thus emphasizes the revision of current guidelines based on a more relevant rotation-based or eccentricity-based approach.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.93-101
• /
• 2024

Code-compliant seismic design should be essentially applied to realize the so-called emulative performance of precast concrete (PC) lateral force-resisting systems, and this study developed simple procedures to design precast industrial buildings with intermediate precast bearing wall systems considering both the effect of seismic and blast loads. Seismic design provisions specified in ACI 318 and ASCE 7 can be directly adopted, for which the so-called 1.5S_y condition is addressed in PC wall-to-wall and wall-to-base connections. Various coupling options were considered and addressed in the seismic design of wall-to-wall connections for the longitudinal and transverse design directions to secure optimized performance and better economic feasibility. On the other hand, two possible methods were adopted in blast analysis: 1) Equivalent static analysis (ESA) based on the simplified graphic method and 2) Incremental dynamic time-history analysis (IDTHA). The ESA is physically austere to use in practice for a typical industrial PC-bearing wall system. Still, it showed an overestimating trend in terms of the lateral deformation. The coupling action between precast wall segments appears to be inevitably required due to substantially large blast loads compared to seismic loads with increasing blast risk levels. Even with the coupled-precast shear walls, the design outcome obtained from the ESA method might not be entirely satisfactory to the drift criteria presented by the ASCE Blast Design Manual. This drawback can be overcome by addressing the IDTHA method, where all the design criteria were fully satisfied with precast shear walls' non-coupling and group-coupling strength, where each individual or grouped shear fence was designed to possess 1.5S_y for the seismic design.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.85-92
• /
• 2024

This study presents code-compliant seismic details by addressing dry mechanical splices for precast concrete (PC) beam-column connections in the ACI 318-19 code. To this end, critical observations of previous test results on precast beam-column connection specimens with the proposed seismic detail are briefly reported in this study, along with a typical reinforced concrete (RC) monolithic connection. On this basis, nonlinear dynamic models were developed to verify seismic responses of the PC emulative moment-resisting frame systems. As the current design code allows only the emulative design approach, this study aims at identifying the seismic performances of PC moment frame systems depending on their emulative levels, for which two extreme cases were intentionally chosen as the non-emulative (unbonded self-centering with marginal energy dissipation) and fully-emulative connection details. Their corresponding hysteresis models were set by using commercial finite element analysis software. According to the current seismic design provisions, a typical five-story building was designed as a target PC building. Subsequently, nonlinear dynamic time history analyses were performed with seven ground motions to investigate the impact of emulation level or hysteresis models (i.e., energy dissipation performance) on system responses between the emulative and non-emulative PC moment frames. The analytical results showed that both the base shear and story drift ratio were substantially reduced in the emulative system compared to that of the non-emulative one, and it indicates the importance of the code-compliant (i.e., emulative) connection details on the seismic performance of the precast building.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.53-64
• /
• 2024

Global population growth has resulted in an increased demand for food production. Simultaneously, aging rural communities have led to a decrease in the workforce, thereby increasing the demand for automation in agriculture. Drones are particularly useful for unmanned pest control fields. However, the current method of uniform spraying leads to environmental damage due to overuse of pesticides and drift by wind. To address this issue, it is necessary to enhance spraying performance through precise performance evaluation. Therefore, as a foundational study aimed at optimizing drone-based pest control technologies, this research evaluated water-sensitive paper (WSP) via density map estimation using convolutional neural networks (CNN) with a encoder-decoder structure. To achieve more accurate estimation, this study implemented multi-task learning, incorporating an additional classifier for image segmentation alongside the density map estimation classifier. The proposed model in this study resulted in a R-squared (R²) of 0.976 for coverage area in the evaluation data set, demonstrating satisfactory performance in evaluating WSP at various density levels. Further research is needed to improve the accuracy of spray result estimations and develop a real-time assessment technology in the field.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제90권3호
• /
• pp.313-323
• /
• 2024

Most of existing buildings in Mexico City are made of reinforced concrete (RC), however, it has been shown that they are very susceptible to narrow-band long duration ground motions. In recent years, the use of dual systems composed by Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) has increased due to its high energy dissipation capacity under reversible cyclical loads. Therefore, in this work the behavior of RC buildings with BRB is studied in order to know their performance, specifically, the energy distribution through height and response transformation factors between the RC and simplified systems are estimated. For this propose, seven RC buildings with different heights were designed according to the Mexico City Seismic Design Provisions (MCSDP), in addition, equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems were obtained. Incremental dynamic analyses on the buildings under 30 narrow-band ground motions in order to compute the relationship between normalized hysteretic energy, maximum inter-story drift and roof displacement demands were performed. The results shown that the entire structural frames participate in energy dissipation and their distribution is independent of the global ductility. The results let propose energy distribution equations through height. Finally, response transformation factors between the SDOF and multi degree of freedom (MDOF) systems were developed aimed to propose a new energy-based approach of BRB reinforced concrete buildings.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.149-158
• /
• 2024

Piloti-type structures with vertical irregularity are vulnerable to earthquakes due to the soft structure of the first story. Structural characteristics of buildings can significantly affect the seismic loss function, calculated based on seismic fragility, and therefore need to be considered. This study investigated the effects of the number of stories and core locations on the seismic loss function of piloti-type buildings in Korea. Twelve analytical models were developed considering two variations: three stories (4-story, 5-story, and 6-story) and four core locations (center core, x-eccentric core, y-eccentric core, and xy-eccentric core). The interstory drift ratio and peak floor acceleration were assessed through incremental dynamic analysis using 44 earthquake records, and seismic fragility was derived. Seismic loss functions were calculated and compared using the derived seismic fragility and repair cost ratio of each component. The results indicate that the seismic loss function increases with more stories and when the core is eccentrically located in the piloti-type structure model. Therefore, the uncertainty due to the number of stories and core location should be considered when deriving the seismic loss function of piloti-type structures.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.64-73
• /
• 2024

Oil spills pose significant threats to marine ecosystems, human health, socioeconomic aspects, and coastal communities. Accurate real-time predictions of oil slick transport along coastlines are paramount for quick preparedness and response efforts. This study used an open-source OpenOil numerical model to simulate the fate and trajectories of oil slicks released during the 2007 Hebei Spirit accident along the Korean coasts. Six combinations of input parameters, derived from a five-day met-ocean dataset incorporating various hydrodynamic, meteorological, and wave models, were investigated to determine the input variables that lead to the most reasonable results. The predictive performance of each combination was evaluated quantitatively by comparing the dimensions and matching rates between the simulated and observed oil slicks extracted from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data on the ocean surface. The results show that the combination incorporating the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) for hydrodynamic parameters exhibited more substantial agreement with the observed spill areas than Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS), yielding up to 88% and 53% similarity, respectively, during a more than four-day oil transportation near Taean coasts. This study underscores the importance of integrating high-resolution met-ocean models into oil spill modeling efforts to enhance the predictive accuracy regarding oil spill dynamics and weathering processes.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.77-85
• /
• 2002

한국 남해의 대마난류 변동에 따른 멸치 초기 생활기 분포와 해황과의 관계를 7월과 8월 (하계) 한국 남해 연안 및 대마난류 횡단 관측을 통해 조사하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 7월 말$\~$8월 초 한국 남해의 표층은 수온 $20\~23^{\circ}C$ 이하, 염분 33.0 이상의 남해 연안수와 수온 $21\~25^{\circ}$, 염분 32.0$\~$32.5의 중간수 (대마난류계수) 그리고 수온 $26^{\circ}$ 이상, 염분 31.5 이하의 대마난류수가 분포하였다. 해역별로 연안수는 거문도와 소리도 주변,욕지도$\~$거제도 남서연안에 분포하고 대마난류수는 제주도 북동 일부해역과 외해역에 분포했다. 대마난류계수는 연안수와 대마난류수사이에 존재하고 거문도$\~$소리도, 소리도$\~$욕지도에서 warm streamer 형태로 연안 유입되었다. 수온, 염분의 수평경도가 큰 해역은 청산도$\~$거문도, 거제도 남서해역 주변이었다. 2) 위성자료에 나타난 표면 수온 수평경도가 가장 큰 해역은 청산도와 거제도 남서 해역 주변이었다. 표면 수온의 일 변화에서 거문도$\~$소리도, 소리도$\~$욕지도 해역에서 난수 유입이 일어났다. 표층류는 고흥반도 남쪽$\~$소리도가 북서 방향, 소리도$\~$욕지도는 북동-북서 방향으로 수송되어 수온, 염분 분포에 나타난 표층 warm streamer의 연안 유입 형태와 일치하였다. 연안수나 외해의 대마난류수는 북동$\~$동으로 수송되었다 (Fig. 13) .3) 클로로필 (기초생산력)은 연안수역이 2.0$\mu$g/h 이상으로 높고 외해는 0.5$\mu$g/h 이하로 낮았다. 클로로필 농도 분포는 수온, 염분 분포와 거의 유사하였다. 농도가 가장 큰 해역은 수온, 염분의 수평경도가 가장 큰 거제도 남서해역으로 8.0$\mu$g/h이었다. 4) 멸치 난과 자 $\cdot$ 치어는 연안수와 대마난류계수간 전선이 형성되는 거문도와 욕지도, 거제도 남서해역 주변에 많이 분포하였다. 이들 해역은 하계 기초 생산력이 타 해역에 비해 크고 남쪽에서 반 시계 방향으로 연안을 향해 유입하는 warm streamer가 존재하는 해역이었다.