• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.209-215
• /
• 2019

Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensation ranging from mild localized discomfort to agony and is one of the most commonly experienced symptoms in oral surgery. Usually, local anesthetic agents and analgesics are used for pain control in oral surgical procedures. Local anesthetic agents including lignocaine and bupivacaine are routinely used in varying concentrations. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of 0.25% and 0.5% bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in infraorbital nerve block. Methods: Forty-one patients undergoing bilateral maxillary orthodontic extraction received 0.5% bupivacaine (n = 41) on one side and 0.25% bupivacaine (n = 41) on the other side at an interval of 7 d. The parameters evaluated for both the bupivacaine concentrations were onset of action, pain during procedure (visual analog scale score [VAS]), and duration of action. The results were noted, tabulated, and analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: The onset of action of 0.5% bupivacaine was quicker than that of 0.25% bupivacaine, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.306). No significant difference was found between the solutions for VAS scores (P = 0.221) scores and duration of action (P = 0.662). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between 0.25% bupivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine in terms of onset of action, pain during procedure, and duration of action. The use of 0.25% bupivacaine is recommended.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.545-553
• /
• 2019

Purpose: Feeding tolerance is extremely important in preterm infants. This study aimed to evaluate whether preterm infants receiving Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 would develop fewer symptoms of feeding intolerance. Secondary outcomes were duration of parenteral nutrition, time to reach full feeding, length of hospital stay, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), diarrhea, and mortality. Methods: This double-blind randomized controlled trial of L. reuteri DSM 17938 versus placebo included 94 neonates with a gestational age of 28-34 weeks and birth weight of 1,000-1,800 g. Results: Feeding intolerance (vomiting and/or distension) was less common in the probiotic group than in the placebo group (8.5% vs. 25.5%; relative risk, 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.96; p=0.03). No significant intergroup differences were found in proven sepsis, time to reach full feeding, length of hospital stay, or diarrhea. The prevalence of NEC (stages 2 and 3) was 6.4% in the placebo group vs. 0% in the probiotic group (relative risk, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.15; p=0.24). Mortality rates were 2.1% in the probiotic group and 8.5% in the placebo group, p=0.36). Conclusion: The administration of L. reuteri DSM 17938 to preterm infants was safe and significantly reduced feeding intolerance. No significant differences were found in any other secondary outcomes.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2011

Objective : Allergic asthma is a chronic airway disease that affects millions of people in the developed world. The disease is characterized by concurring airway inflammation, Th2 cytokine production, increased mucus secretion, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to inhaled antigen, and pulmonary fibrosis. To investigate the therapeutic and anti-asthmatic effects of Drynariae Rhizoma (DR), we examined the influence of DR on the development of pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Methods : In this study, BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) followed intratracheally, intraperitoneally, and by aerosol allergen challenges. We investigated the effect of DR on airway hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration, various immune cell phenotypes, Th2 cytokine production and OVA specific IgE production in a mouse model of asthma. Results : In asthmatic mice, we found that DR.treated groups had suppressed eosinophil infiltration, allergic airway inflammation and AHR by suppressing the production of IL-5, IL-13 and OVA specific IgE. Conclusions : Our data suggest that the therapeutic mechanism by which DR effectively treats asthma is based on reductions of Th2 cytokines (IL-5), eotaxin, OVA-specific IgE production and eosinophil infiltration.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.28 no.11
• /
• pp.450-457
• /
• 2016

While many studies on the heat transfer effect of an impinging jet have been published, most studies focus on the downward impinging jet. This study investigates the impinging jet heat transfer phenomenon when water at a temperature of $24^{\circ}C$ impinges on the downward isothermal circular plate at 60, 70, and $80^{\circ}C$ and when the upward round jet nozzle is 4, 6, and 8 mm diameter with a flow rate 3.6, 4.6, and 5.6 L/min, respectively, and when the ratio of the nozzle clearance/nozzle diameter (H/D) is 1. The results showed that, as the nozzle diameter decreases, the heat transfer coefficient increases at a constant flow rate. The correlation equation of $Nu_r$, $Pr_r$, and $Re_{jg}$ is obtained in the impinging and constant velocity flow region $(Nu_r/Pr^{0.4}_r)Dr=4.6[Re_{jg}(r/R_c)Dr]^{0.8}$ at all flow rates, in the deceleration and falling flow regions $(Nu_r/Pr^{0.4}_r)Dr=42.7{\mid}Re_{jg}(r/R_c)Dr-345.7{\mid}^{0.3}$ at 3.6 L/min, $(Nu_r/Pr^{0.4}_r)Dr=92.4{\mid}Re_{jg}(r/R_c)Dr-16.8{\mid}^{0.2}$ at 4.6 L/min, and $(Nu_r/Pr^{0.4}_r)Dr=322.4{\mid}Re_{jg}(r/R_c)Dr-536.2{\mid}^{0.01}$ at 5.6 L/min.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.521-527
• /
• 2001

The effects of dietary restriction (DR) on antioxidant enzymes were studied in liver, lung and erythrocytes of diabetic rats. Experimental animals used Sprague-Dawley (SD; body weight 350$\pm$20g) male rats and Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETE; body weight 5--$\pm$30g) male rats, as a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type I diabetes was induced in SD rats by intramuscular injection of alloxan (80 mg/kg BW). Animals were randomly assigned either to continue the ad libitum diet or 40% DR (60% intake of ad libitum diet) groups. The body weight was measured at every 2 weeks to 4 months following DR. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were measured in liver, lung and erythrocytes and the concentration of TBARS as a marker of reactive oxygen species-induced tissue injry was also measured in rats after 4 months 40% DR. The body weight 4 months after 40% DR of control SD, alloxian-diabetid SD and OLETE rats were 80%, 98% and 75% of each control groups, respectively. The activities of SOD, catalase and GSHPx in lung and erythrocytes of rats were not change by 40% DR but in 4 month 40% DR rat liver, the activities of SOD and catalase were increased in control SD, alloxan-diabetic SD, and OLETF groups. The concentration of TBARS in lung and erythrocytes was also not changed by 40% DR, while liver TBARS concentration was decreased in OLETF and control SD rats compared to each non-DR control rats. These results suggested that the body weight changes in diabetic rats by DR was more prominent in type 2 diabetes and changes of antioxidant enzymes is most prominent in liver by DR either type 1 and 2 diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.187-192
• /
• 2007

To prepare oligouronic acids from high-molecular-weight alginates prepared from sea tangle (Laminaria japonica), the alginates were hydrolyzed at various temperatures for 1 hr at pH 5.0. The effects of hydrolysis temperature $(H_{Temp})$ on the average molecular weight (AMW) and distribution ratio of MW (DR) in the hydrolyzed alginates were investigated. As $(H_{Temp})$ increased, the AMW of the alginates decreased exponentially; in addition the DR of the alginates with MW>500 kDa decreased exponentially, while the DR of those with MW=50-100 and MW<50 kDa increased exponentially. For the alginates with MW=300-500 and MW=100-300 kDa the DR increased exponentially until $H_{Temp}$ reached $80^{\circ}C$, and then decreased exponentially at above $80^{\circ}C$. AS $H_{Temp}$ increased, the MW cutoff size and AMW Of the alginates fraction With the highest DR both decreased. For $H_{Temp}<60^{\circ}C$, the MW cutoff size with the highest DR was MW>500 kDa; the DR was 39-67% and the AMW 1,000-1,300 kDa. For $H_{Temp}$ $80^{\circ}C$, the MW cutoff size with the highest DR was MW=300-500 kDa and the DR was about 33% and the AMW about 400 kDa. For $H_{Temp}\;100-121^{\circ}C$, the MW cutoff size with the highest DRs was MW=50-100 kDa, with a DR of 39-44% and an AMW of 70-80 kDa.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.2637-2641
• /
• 2016

Tumor necrosis factor ($TNF-{\alpha}$), an inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, has previously been used in anti-cancer therapy. However, the therapeutic applications of $TNF-{\alpha}$ are largely limited due to its general toxicity and anti-apoptotic influence. To overcome this problem, the present study focused on the effect of active constituents isolated from a medicinal plant on $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells. Nimbolide from Azadirachta indica was evaluated for cytotoxicity by methyl tetrazolium 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and phase contrast microscopy. Effects on apoptotic signaling proteins were investigated using Western blot analysis. Nimbolide showed cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells that was significantly different from the control group (p<0.01), a concentration of $10{\mu}M$ significantly inducing cell death (p<0.01). In combination with $TNF-{\alpha}$, nimbolide significantly enhanced-induced cell death. In apoptotic pathway, nimbolide activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (Bid) and up-regulated the death receptor 5 (DR5) level. In the combination group, nimbolide markedly sensitized $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced JNK, Bid, caspase-3 activation and the up-regulation of DR5. Our findings overall indicate that nimbolide may enhance $TNF-{\alpha}$-mediated cellular proliferation inhibition through increasing cell apoptosis of HT-29 cells by up-reglation of DR5 expression via the JNK pathway.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.513-523
• /
• 2018

The tumor microenvironment greatly influences cancer cell characteristics, and acidic extracellular pH has been implicated as an essential factor in tumor malignancy and the induction of drug resistance. Here, we examined the characteristics of gastric carcinoma (GC) cells under conditions of extracellular acidity and attempted to identify a means of enhancing treatment efficacy. Acidic conditions caused several changes in GC cells adversely affecting chemotherapeutic treatment. Extracellular acidity did inhibit GC cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest, but did not induce cell death at pH values down to 6.2, which was consistent with down-regulated cyclin D1 and up-regulated p21 mRNA expression. Additionally, an acidic environment altered the expression of atg5, HSPA1B, collagen XIII, collagen XXAI, slug, snail, and zeb1 genes which are related to regulation of cell resistance to cytotoxicity and malignancy, and as expected, resulted in increased resistance of cells to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs including etoposide, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin and 5-FU. Interestingly, however, acidic environment dramatically sensitized GC cells to apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Consistently, the acidity at pH 6.5 increased mRNA levels of DR4 and DR5 genes, and also elevated protein expression of both death receptors as detected by immunoblotting. Gene silencing analysis showed that of these two receptors, the major role in this effect was played by DR5. Therefore, these results suggest that extracellular acidity can sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis at least partially via DR5 in GCs while it confers resistance to various type of chemotherapeutic drugs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.101-107
• /
• 2011

This study aimed to determine dose-response (DR) curve of avian influenza (AI) virus to predict the probability of illness or adverse health effects that may result from exposure to a pathogenic microorganism in a quantitative microbial risk assessment. To determine the parametric DR relationship of several strains of AI virus, 7 feeding trial data sets challenging humans (5 sets) and chickens (2 sets) for strains of H3N2 (4 sets), H5N1 (2 sets) and H1N1 (1 set) from the published literatures. Except for one data set (study with intra-tracheal inoculation for data set no. 6), all were obtained from the studies with intranasal inoculation. The data were analyzed using three types of DR model as the basis of heterogeneity in infectivity of AI strains in humans and chickens: exponential, beta-binomial and beta-Poisson. We fitted to the data using maximum likelihood estimation to get the parameter estimates of each model. The alpha and beta values of the beta-Poisson DR model ranged 0.06-0.19 and 1.7-48.8, respectively for H3N2 strain. Corresponding values for H5N1 ranged 0.464-0.563 and 97.3-99.4, respectively. For H1N1 the parameter values were 0.103 and 12.7, respectively. Using the exponential model, r (infectivity parameter) ranged from $1.6{\times}10^{-8}$ to $1.2{\times}10^{-5}$ for H3N2 and from $7.5{\times}10^{-3}$ to $4.0{\times}10^{-2}$ for H5N1, while the value was $1.6{\times}10^{-8}$ for H1N1. The beta-Poisson DR model provided the best fit to five of 7 data sets tested, and the estimated parameter values in betabinomial model were very close to those of beta-Poisson. Our study indicated that beta-binomial or beta-Poisson model could be the choice for DR modeling of AI, even though DR relationship varied depending on the virus strains studied, as indicated in prior studies. Further DR modeling should be conducted to quantify the differences among AI virus strains.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2001

The aim of present study was to define the cellular mechanisms underlying changes in delayed rectifier $K^+\;(K_{DR})$ channel function in isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy. It has been proposed that $K_{DR}$ channels play a role in regulation of vascular tone by limiting membrane depolarization in arterial smooth muscle cells. The alterations of the properties of coronary $K_{DR}$ channels have not been studied as a possible mechanism for impaired coronary reserve in cardiac hypertrophy. The present study was carried out to compare the properties of coronary $K_{DR}$ channels in normal and hypertrophied hearts. These channels were measured from rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells using a patch clamp technique. The main findings of the study are as follows: (1) the $K_{DR}$ current density was decreased without changes of the channel kinetics in isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy; (2) the sensitivity of coronary $K_{DR}$ channels to 4-AP was increased in isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy. From the above results, we suggest for the first time that the alteration of $K_{DR}$ channels may limit vasodilating responses to several stimuli and may be involved in impaired coronary reserve in isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy.