• 디자인학연구
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• 18호
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• pp.165-174
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• 1996

1950년 독일의 브라운 사는 시장에서의 우위를 확보하고자 제품들에서 확고한 현대적 디자인의 실현을 근간으로 한 경영전략을 추구하기 시작하였다. 디자인 실장인 프릿츠 아이홀러(Fritz Eichler)박사는 울름 조형대학(Hochschule fur Gestaltung Ulm)이 한스 구겔로(Hans Gugelot)그리고 오틀아이혀(O시 Aicher)와 함께 코퍼레이트 아이덴터티 프로그램(Corporate Identity Programme)의 기초로서, 브라운 디자인 경영전략의 초기 기본 지침을 개발하였다. 그리고 1955년 이들에 가담하게 된 디터람스(Dieter Rams)는 브라운 디자인 전체의 형태를 특징 짓는 인물로서, 그 디자인의 계속적인 개발을 이끌어 왔다. 1950년 중반에 브라운 사의 전 제품 프로그램은 새로이 디자인되어지기 시작했고, 이는 곧바로 시장에서의 명백한 성공으로 이어졌다. 그리고 당시 독보적인 하나의 아방가르드(Avant-garde)운동이었던 브라운사의 새로운 디자인 라인은 일종의 객관화 할 수 있는 “훌륭한 형태(Good Form)”에 대한 생각의 본보기가 되었다. 이로서 브라운 사의 제품 프로그램 전체가 새로운 라인에 따라 재 디자인되어진 60년대와 70년대에, 브라운 디자인은 전 세계 디자인 분야의 현장에 결정적인 영향을 끼쳐왔다. 목적에 대한 완벽한 충족, 정밀함, 안전성, 내구성, 제품의 질 그리고 점차 최근에 들어서는 환경에 조화를 이루는 것 등에 기초를 두는 브라운 디자인은 무엇보다도 근본에 있어서 기능적이고 구체적이다. 그래서 브라운 제품들의 모든 요소들은 유사하게 조화를 이루어 통일 감을 주고, 모든 불필요한 세부사항들을 제거하고 필수적인 요소들을 체계적인 정돈에 집중되어 있다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3465-3468
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• 2016

Background: Fluorodeoxyglucose ($^{18}FDG$) PET/CT imaging has become an important component of the management paradigm in oncology. However, the significant imparted radiation exposure is a matter of growing concern especially in younger populations who have better odds of survival. The aim of this study was to estimate the effective dose received by patients having whole body $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT scanning as per recent dose reducing guidelines at a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This prospective study covered 63 patients with different cancers who were referred for PET/CT study for various indications. Patients were prepared as per departmental protocol and 18FDG was injected at 3 MBq/Kg and a low dose, non-enhanced CT protocol (LD-NECT) was used. Diagnostic CT studies of specific regions were subsequently performed if required. Effective dose imparted by 18FDG (internal exposure) was calculated by using multiplying injected dose in MBq with coefficient $1.9{\times}10^{-2}mSv/MBq$ according to ICRP publication 106. Effective dose imparted by CT was calculated by multiplying DLP (mGy.cm) with ICRP conversion coefficient "k" 0.015 [mSv / (mG. cm)]. Results: Mean age of patients was $49{\pm}18$ years with a male to female ratio of 35:28 (56%:44%). Median dose of 18FDG given was 194 MBq (range: 139-293). Median CTDIvol was 3.25 (2.4-6.2) and median DLP was 334.95 (246.70 - 576.70). Estimated median effective dose imparted by $^{18}FDG$ was 3.69 mSv (range: 2.85-5.57). Similarly the estimated median effective dose by low dose (non-diagnostic) CT examination was 4.93 mSv (range: 2.14 -10.49). Median total effective dose by whole body 18FDG PET plus low dose non-diagnostic CT study was 8.85 mSv (range: 5.56-13.00). Conclusions: We conclude that the median effective dose from a whole body 18FDG PET/CT in our patients was significantly low. We suggest adhering to recently published dose reducing strategies, use of ToF scanner with CT dose reducing option to achieve the lower if not the lowest effective dose. This would certainly reduce the risk of second primary malignancy in younger patients with higher odds of cure from first primary cancer.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.331-347
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• 2016

Sexual dimorphism is the most conspicuous difference between the sexes. This study examines possible sexual dimorphism and the relative growth patterns of morphometric characteristics in the marine medaka, Oryzias dancena for their potential to help differentiate between males and females of this species. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated by a non-linear regression method were $L_{\infty}=30.2mm$, K=3.22/year, and ${\tau}_0=-0.05$. All 18 characteristics measured showed a difference between males and females from 70 days after hatching. Each of these characteristics were significantly different between sexes (ANCOVA, P<0.05), and the ratio of standard length between sexes showed that males were larger than females for all five morphometric measurements. Fin length measurements were taken for 21 distances of anal fin and 7 distances of dorsal fin between landmarks. There were all differences for all dorsal fin rays between the males and the females and there is significant difference in 70 days after their hatch when the sexual dimorphism is presented. The significant difference (P<0.05) in fin ray for male and female was more greatly seen as they grow. Male marine medaka showed more rapid growth than females, with longer length, dorsal fins and anal fins. Differences in these characteristics will be useful during experiments when it is necessary to differentiate between sexes of marine medaka.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2006

고로 수쇄슬래그는 선철의 제철과정에서 생산되는 부산물로서 자연 해성모래와 유사한 입자형상을 가지고 경량이며 큰 전단강도와 투수성을 나타낸다. 특히, 고로 수쇄슬래그는 시간경과와 더불어 경화하는 잠재수경성을 가진다. 따라서 고로 수쇄슬래그가 안벽이나 옹벽의 뒷채움 재료로 사용 되어졌을 때, 경화에 의한 전단강도의 증가로 토압감소가 기대되며, 결과적으로 항만구조물의 건설비용이 감소하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 모형토조를 이용하여 고로 수쇄슬래그와 Toyoura sand에 대해 토압, 벽 마찰력, 가동벽체 표면에서의 토압분포를 측정하는 모형실험을 실시하였다. 실험에서 상대밀도는 25%, 55% 및 70%로 설정하였으며 벽체는 저점을 중심으로 주동 및 수동토압측으로 회전시켰다. 벽체 상부에서의 최대 수평변위는 ${\pm}2mm$로 설정하였다. 모형실험 결과, 고로 수쇄슬래그에서 얻어진 주동토압이 Toyoura sand보다 작음을 알았다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 지진후의 침하에 미치는 반복 전단방향의 영향을 명확히 하기 위해， 일본의 표준사인 Toyoura sand와 천연모래인 Genkai sand 및 고로수쇄슬래그(GBFS)에 대해서 다축(다방향) 전단실험을 수행하였다. 공시체는 높이 75mm, 직경 20mm이다. 일련의 실험에서, 변형률 반복 재하회수 n=5, 20, 30, 100, 200회로 변화시켜 행하였으며, 전단변형률 진폭은 0.1%에서 1.0%까지 변화시켰다. 각 공시체의 상대밀도는 50, 60, 70%를 대상으로 하였다. Toyoura sand와 고로수쇄슬래그에 대한 실험결과로부터, 반복전단후의 침하는 상대밀도가 작을수록 크게 되며, 전단변형률 진폭의 증가와 더불어 크게 나타났다. 반복전단 방향의 차이에 따른 영향이 감소한 후에 Toyoura sand의 전단후의 침하는 일정치에 수렴하지만, 고로수쇄슬래그는 반복전단회수의 증가와 더불어 증가되었다. 또한, 반복전단후의 침하는 Kaolinite > Toyoura sand > Genkai sand > GBFS의 순으로 나타났다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.321-322
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• 2012

의료용 방사선 장비는 초기의 아날로그 방식의 필름 및 카세트에서 진보되어 현재는 디지털 방식의 DR (Digital Radiography)이 널리 사용되며 그에 관한 연구개발이 활발히 진행되고 있다. DR은 크게 간접방식과 직접방식의 두 분류로 나눌 수 있는데, 간접방식은 X선을 흡수하면 가시광선으로 전환하는 형광체(Scintillator)를 사용하여 X선을 가시광선으로 전환하고, 이를 Photodiode와 같은 광소자로 전기적 신호로 변환하여 방사선을 검출하는 방식을 말하며, 직접 방식은 X선을 흡수하면 전기적 신호를 발생 시키는 광도전체(Photoconductor)를 사용하여 광도전체 양단 전극에 고전압을 인가한 형태를 취하고 있는 가운데, X선이 조사되면 일차적으로 광도전체 내부에서 전자-전공쌍(Electron-hole pair)이 생성된다. 이들은 광도전체 양단의 인가되어 있는 전기장에 의해 전자는 +극으로, 전공은 -극으로 이동하여 아래에 위치한 Active matrix array을 통해 방사선을 검출하는 방식이다. 본 연구에서는 직접방식 X-ray 검출기에서 활용되는 a-Se을 ITO (Indium Thin oxide) glass 상단에 Thermal evaporation증착을 이용하여 두께 $50{\mu}m$, 33 넓이로 증착 시킨 다음, a-Se상단에 Sputtering증착을 이용하여 ITO를 11 cm, 22 cm, $2.7{\times}2.7cm$ 넓이로 증착시켜 상하부의 ITO를 Electrode로 이용하여 직접방식의 X-ray검출기 샘플을 제작하였다. 제작 과정 중 a-Se의 Thermal evaporation증착 시, 저진공 $310^{-3}_{Torr}$, 고진공 $2.210^{-5}_{Torr}$에서 보트의 가열 온도를 두 번의 스텝으로 나누어 증착 시켰다. 첫 번째 스텝 $250^{\circ}C$, 두 번째 스텝은 $260^{\circ}C$의 조건으로 증착하여 보트 내의 a-Se을 남기지 않고 전량을 소모할 수 있었으며, 스텝간의 온도차를 $10^{\circ}C$로 제어하여 균일한 박막을 형성 할 수 있었다. Sputtering증착 시, 저진공 $2.510^{-3}$, 고진공 $310^{-5}$에서 Ar, $O_2$를 사용하여 100 Sec간 플라즈마를 생성시켜 ITO를 증착하였다. 제작된 방사선 각각의 검출기 샘플 양단의 ITO에 500V의 전압을 인가하고, 진단 방사선 범위의 70 kVp, 100 mA, 0.03 sec 조건으로 X-ray를 조사시켜 ITO넓이에 따른 민감도(Sensitivity)와 암전류(Dark current)를 측정하였다. 측정결과 민감도(Sensitivity)는 X-ray샘플의 두께에 따른 $1V/{\mu}m$ 기준 시, 증착된 ITO의 넓이가 11 cm부터 22 cm, $2.7{\times}2.7cm$까지 각각 $7.610nC/cm^2$, $8.169nC/cm^2$, $6.769nC/cm^2$로 22 cm 넓이의 샘플이 가장 높은 민감도를 나타내었으나, 암전류(Dark current)는 $1.68nA/cm^2$, $3.132nA/cm^2$, $5.117nA/cm^2$로 11 cm 넓이의 샘플이 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 데이터를 SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)로 합산 하였을 시 104.359 ($1{\times}1$), 60.376($2{\times}2$), 30.621 ($2.7{\times}2.7$)로 11 cm 샘플이 신호 대 별 가장 우수한 효율을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 ITO박막의 면적이 클수록 민감도는 우수하나 그에 따른 암전류의 증가로 효율이 떨어짐을 검증 할 수 있었으며, 이는 ITO면적이 넓어짐에 따른 저항의 증가로 암전류에 영향을 끼침을 할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 a-Se의 ITO 박막 면적에 따른 전기적 특성을 검증할 수 있었다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1510-1510
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• 2001

NIRS uses reflectance signals resulting from bending and stretching vibrations in chemical bonds between carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur and oxygen. These reflectance signals are used to measure the concentration of major chemical composition and other descriptors of homogenized and freeze-dried whole broiler carcasses. Six strains of chicken were analyzed and the NIRS model predictions compared to reference data. The results of this comparison indicate that NIRS is a rapid tool for predicting dry matter (DM), fat, crude protein (CP) and ash content in the broiler carcass. Males and females of six commercial strain crosses of broiler chicken (Gallus domesticus) were used in this study (6$\times$2 factorial design). Each strain was grown to 16 weeks of age, and duplicate serial samples were taken for body composition analysis. Each whole carcass was pressure-cooked, homogenized, and a representative sample was freeze-dried. Body composition determined as follows: DM by oven dried method at 105$^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours, fat by Mojonnier diethyl ether extraction, CP by measuring nitrogen content using an auto-analyzer with Kjeldhal digest and ash by combustion in a muffle furnace for 24 hour at 55$0^{\circ}C$. These homogenized and freeze-dried carcass samples were then scanned with a Foss NIR Systems 6500 visible-NIR spectrophotometer (400-2500nm) (Foss NIR Systems, Silver Spring, MD., US) using Infra-Soft-International, ISI, WinISl software (ISI, Port Matilda, US). The NIRS spectra were analyzed using principal component (PC) analysis. This data was corrected for scatter using standard normal “Variate” and “Detrend” technique. The accuracy of the NIRS calibration equations developed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) for predicting major chemical composition and carcass descriptors- such as body mass (BM), bird dry matter and moisture content was tested using cross validation. Discrimination analysis was also used for sex and strain identification. According to Dr John Shenk, the creator of the ISI software, the calibration equations with the correlation coefficient, $R^2$, between reference data and NIRS predicted results of above 0.90 is excellent and between 0.70 to 0.89 is a good quantifying guideline. The excellent calibration equations for DM ($R^2$= 0.99), fat (0.98) and CP (0.92) and a good quantifying guideline equation for ash (0.80) were developed in this study. The results of cross validation statistics for carcass descriptors, body composition using reference methods, inter-correlation between carcass descriptors and NIRS calibration, and the results of discrimination analysis for sex and strain identification will also be presented in the poster. The NIRS predicted daily gain and calculated daily gain from this experiment, and true daily gain (using data from another experiment with closely related broiler chicken from each of the six strains) will also be discussed in the paper.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.112-127
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• 1987

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission function disorder characterized by fatigue and weakness of voluntary muscles. This muscular weakness is intensified by activity and stress, and improved by the use of anticholinesterase compounds. It was initially described by Erb in 1879 and later named myasthenia gravis by Jolly in 1895. Although the pathogenesis is Known to be an autoimmune related reduction in the number of available acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions, the role of thymus in myasthenia gravis is still unclear and under investigation. Thymectomy in the management of myasthenia gravis has become increasingly important since Dr. Blalock observed in 1939 that some patients with thymic tumors and myasthenia gravis improved following thymectomy. A clinical study of 102 cases of myasthenia gravis was performed at Yonsei University College of Medicine. Seoul, Korea from Jan. 1976 to Jun. 1986. In order to determine which factors are of prognostic significance, attention is focused upon pre-operative patient evaluation, problems in operative and post-operative care, and long-term follow-up observations. The results were as follows: 1. The sex distribution was 67 females and 35 males, the mean age of onset was 28.95*1.69 years, and the maximal incidence occurred between 21 and 40 years of age [56 cases: 54.9%]. 2. Clinical manifestations of ocular symptoms were seen to 70 patients [68.6%] extremities weakness in 33 [32.3%], bulbar weakness in 29 [28.4%], and dyspnea in 13 [12.7%]. 3. Study cases more than two thirds were classified as mild types [MG 1 and MG 11A] and 6 cases as grave [MG 1V] based on the modified Osserman`s classification system, 4. Thymectomy was performed in 19 cases which presented in severe myasthenia symptoms and showed no improvement with cholinergic drugs. Histologic examination of the excised thymus glands revealed no abnormalities in 4 cases, thymic hyperplasia in 5, benign thymoma in 5, and malignant thymoma in 5. 5. Immediate post-operative complications included 2 cases of pneumothorax which were treated by tube thoracostomies, there was no operative mortality. 6. The response to cholinergic drugs in 36 cases younger than 20 years old and in 27 cases older than 40 years was relatively poor, while that in 35 cases between the ages of 21 and 40 years old was good. 7. Thirty of 39 cases in groups IIB, III & IV improved markedly with medical or surgical management while only 16 of 59 cases in the mild groups [I and IIA] improved, almost all surgical cases improved in all categories. 8. There were 5 deaths. occurring between 7 months and 3 years 3 months of treatment of myasthenia gravis. The causes of death were myasthenic crisis in 2 cases, respiratory failure due to candidiasis & radiation pneumonitis in one case, cerebral hemorrhage due to high blood pressure in two case.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1979

혈액 및 생체반응물질등에 함유된 미량의 glucose를 효소적으로 간편하게 측량하기 위하여 먼저 고가의 glucose oxidase를 고정화 시켰다. 전리 방사선조사에 의하여 이 효소를 쉽게 고정화 시킬수 있는 방법과 그 알맞는 조건 및 높은 잔여 활성에 관한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 여러가지 monomer 및 polymer의 combination 중에서 AA-Bis, NK ester 23G, 물 (1:1:2)에 가용성 효소 1ml를 고정화 시켰을 경우를 비롯하여 GOD의 잔여활성이 50%이상인 여러 monomer Combination 찾았다 2) Carrier의 방사선중합에 필요한 선량은 100 krad 이상 이였으나, 400~500krad가 적당하였고, solvent는 toluene, n-haxane, petoleum ether chloroform 등을 이용할 때 고정화된 GOD의 잔여 활성 및 이화학적 성장이 좋았다. 3) GOD 고정화에 이용될 수 있는 완충 용액은 tris-glycerol buffer (pH 7.0)가 phosphate (pH 7.0) 보다 높은 활성을 보여 주었다. 4) 고정화된 GOD의 최적 pH는 6.0~6.5 또 온도는 30~4$0^{\circ}C$로서 가용성 효소보다 작용범위가 넓었고, pH 및 온도의 변화도 완만하였다. The author acknowledges with gratitude financial assistance from International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria and also sincerely thanks Dr. K. Kawashima and his colleagues, National Food Research Institute, Tokyo, Iapan for encouragement and assistance.

• 약학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.305-311
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• 1997

Sustained release-microspheres and immediate release-pellets were prepared to develop a controlled release multiparticulate system containing both water soluble and insoluble dr ug. Pseudoephedrin.HCl (EPD) and terfenadine (TRF) were used as model drugs, respectively. Sustained release-EPD microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation method using Eudragit RL or RS as a matrix combined with pH-insensitive film coating. Smaller EPD microspheres were obtained when smaller amount of Eudragit as a matrix material or larger amount of magnesium stearate as a dispersing agent was used. However the obtained microspheres did not show syfficient sustained release characteristics. About 97% of EPD was released after 1 hr irrespective of matrix material used. Subsequent coating of the microspheres with pH-insensitive polymer such as Eudragit RS or ethylcelulose (EC) resulted good sustained in 37.5, 73.3 and 92.0% release of encapsulated EPD in distilled water after 1, 3 abd 7 hr, respectively. It corresponds to mean dissolution time (MDT) of 2.3 hr, which is much larger than that of un-coated EPD microspheres (0.0048 hr). Immediate release TRF pellets were prepared by spherically agglomerated crystallization using Eudragit E as an inert matrix and methylene chloride as a liquid binder. Using Eudragit E alone as a matrix resulted in satisfactory physical properties of the pellets such as sphericity, surface texture and flowability, but led to slower release of TRF from pellets than un-modified TRF powder (MDT of 1.70 vs 1.43 hr in pH 1.2 dissolution medium). Introducing propylene glycol or sodium lauryl sulfate as an emulsifier brought about faster release of TRF from pellets (MDT of 1.14 and 0.95 hr, respectively). In conclusion, microencapsulation by solvent evaporation combined with film coating and spherically agglomerated crystallization were successfully utilized to prepare controlled release multiparticulate system composed of sustained release EPD-microspheres and immediate release TRF pellets.