• Animal cells and systems
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 2004

The projections from the dorsal raphe (DR) to the locus coeruleus (LC) or vice versa were analyzed in the rat using an anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) combined with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) immunostaining. Following the injection of PHA-L into the middle DR, DR-originating fibers with varicosities have contacted DBH-immunolabeled cells in the rostral, middle, and caudal LC. Axon terminals were also observed in the subcoeruleus nucleus. When the PHA-L injection was confined within the caudal DR, axonal fibers with varicosities were observed mainly at the rostral pole of the LC. Following the injection of PHA-L into the caudal, principal LC, labeled fibers with varicosities have contacted 5-HT-immunolabeled neurons at dorsomedial, ventromedial, lateral wing, and caudal sub-divisions of the DR. The present anterograde study suggests that the DR or the LC nuclei communicate with each other in order to perform a variety of functions including vigilance, analgesia, and stress responses.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.250-255
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• 2013

This paper proposes an optimal current distribution method of dual-rotor brushless DC machines (DR-BLDCMs) which have inner and outer surface-mounted permanent-magnet rotors. The DR-BLDCM has high power density and high torque density compare to the conventional single rotor BLDCM. To drive the DR-BLDCM, dual 3-phase PWM inverters are required to excite the currents of a dual stator of the DR-BLDCM and an optimal current distribution algorithm is also needed to enhance the system efficiency. In this paper, the copper loss and the switching loss of a DR-BLDCM drive system are analyzed according to the motor parameters and the switching frequency. Moreover, the optimal current distribution method is proposed to minimize the total electrical loss. The validity of the proposed method was verified through several experiments.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.188-193
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• 1996

In this paper, an integrated navigation system based on GPS(Global Positioning System) and Dead-Reckoning (DR) is designed. For the calibration of DR, a self-calibration method and a GPS-based calibration method are proposed. From the field-test results, it is shown that DR can be successfully calibrated by the two proposed calibration methods. Also, a cascaded filter approach and a mixed-measurement algorithm are employed for GPS/DR integration. By using the newly proposed mixed-measurement algorithm, it is shown in simulation that the position error becomes smaller than by using only DR even if the number of visible GPS satellites is less than 4.

• Journal of Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.275-287
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• 2023

Objective: Flow diverting stents (FDS) are a validated device in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, allowing for minimally invasive intervention. However, after its approval for use in the United States in 2011, post-market surveillance of adverse events is limited. This study aims to address this critical knowledge gap by analyzing the FDA Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database for patient and device related (PR and DR) reports of adverse events and malfunctions. Methods: Using post-market surveillance data from the MAUDE database, PR and DR reports from January 2012-December 2021 were extracted, compiled, and analyzed with R-Studio version 2021.09.2. PR and DR reports with insufficient information were excluded. Raw information was organized, and further author generated classifications were created for both PR and DR reports. Results: A total of 2203 PR and 4017 DR events were recorded. The most frequently reported PR adverse event categories were cerebrovascular (60%), death (11%), and neurological (8%). The most frequent PR adverse event reports were death (11%), thrombosis/thrombus (9%) cerebral infarction (8%), decreased therapeutic response (7%), stroke/cerebrovascular accident (6%), intracranial hemorrhage (5%), aneurysm (4%), occlusion (4%), headache (4%), neurological deficit/dysfunction (3%). The most frequent DR reports were activation/positioning/separation problems (52%), break (9%), device operates differently than expected (4%), difficult to open or close (4%), material deformation (3%), migration or expulsion of device (3%), detachment of device or device component (2%). Conclusions: Post-market surveillance is important to guide patient counselling and identify adverse events and device problems that were not identified in initial trials. We present frequent reports of several types of cerebrovascular and neurological adverse events as well as the most common device shortcomings that should be explored by manufacturers and future studies. Although inherent limitations to the MAUDE database are present, our results highlight important PR and DR complications that can help optimize patient counseling and device development.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.521-527
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• 2001

The effects of dietary restriction (DR) on antioxidant enzymes were studied in liver, lung and erythrocytes of diabetic rats. Experimental animals used Sprague-Dawley (SD; body weight 350$\pm$20g) male rats and Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETE; body weight 5--$\pm$30g) male rats, as a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type I diabetes was induced in SD rats by intramuscular injection of alloxan (80 mg/kg BW). Animals were randomly assigned either to continue the ad libitum diet or 40% DR (60% intake of ad libitum diet) groups. The body weight was measured at every 2 weeks to 4 months following DR. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) were measured in liver, lung and erythrocytes and the concentration of TBARS as a marker of reactive oxygen species-induced tissue injry was also measured in rats after 4 months 40% DR. The body weight 4 months after 40% DR of control SD, alloxian-diabetid SD and OLETE rats were 80%, 98% and 75% of each control groups, respectively. The activities of SOD, catalase and GSHPx in lung and erythrocytes of rats were not change by 40% DR but in 4 month 40% DR rat liver, the activities of SOD and catalase were increased in control SD, alloxan-diabetic SD, and OLETF groups. The concentration of TBARS in lung and erythrocytes was also not changed by 40% DR, while liver TBARS concentration was decreased in OLETF and control SD rats compared to each non-DR control rats. These results suggested that the body weight changes in diabetic rats by DR was more prominent in type 2 diabetes and changes of antioxidant enzymes is most prominent in liver by DR either type 1 and 2 diabetic rats.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.161-170
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• 1999

System performances in terms of image quality between an amorphous silicon DR system and a conventional film-screen system were evaluated. Various aspects of image quality MTF (modulation transfer function), NPS (noise power spectrum), SNR(signal-to-noise ratio) and contrast were measured and calculated. The MTF of the DR system was comparable to the film-screen systems. The noise was mainly dominated by the quantum mottle in both systems and the electronic noise was found in the DR system. The contrast of the DR system was better than the film-screen systems by virtue of high sensitivity and image processing. Compared to the film-screen systems in general radiography, the DR system had similar resolution and showed better contrast with the same exposure condition after contrast manipulation. The results of this study provide some useful information about the performance of the DR system in connection with medical applications.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.71-86
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• 2008

Objectives & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Drynariae Rhizoma Herbal-acupuncture infusion solution at Umgok($KI_{10}$) on Osteoporotic Rats Induced by Ovariectomy. The author performed several experimental items to analyze cytotoxic, osteoporosis evaluation, change of ALP, osteocalcin, Ca and histological change of tibia. Results : 1. BMD were increased meaningly in DR-HA than control group. 2. ALP was not inhibited by DR-HA, osteocalcin was decreased meaningly in DR-HA. 3. Osteoclast like cell in tibia was increased meaningly in control group, decreased meaningly in DR-HA. 4. In the histological study in tibia, TBV and TBT were significantly increased, GPL was significantly decreased in the DR-HA than control group. Conclusions : From the result above, the results suggest that DR-HA at $KI_{10}$ has significant effect on osteoporosis, and to be put to practical use in the future osteoporosis clinic.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.755-765
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• 2015

A thermostatically controlled load (TCL) can be one of the most appropriate resources for demand response (DR) in a smart grid environment. DR capability can be effectively implemented in a TCL with various intelligent control methods. However, because traditional on-off control is still a commonly used method in a TCL, it is useful to develop a method for adding DR capability to the TCL with an existing on-off controller. As a specific realization of supervisory control for implementing DR capability in the TCL, two methods are proposed - a method involving the changing of a set point and a method involving the paralleling of an identified system without delay. The proposed methods are analyzed through the simulations with an electric heater for different power consumption levels in the on-state. Considerable cost benefit can be achieved with the proposed methods when compared with the case without DR. In addition, the observations suggest that a medium power consumption level, instead of the maximum power, in the on-state should be used for consistently obtaining the cost benefit without severe temperature deviation from the specified temperature range for DR.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.100-104
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the correlation between Net Benefit Test (NBT) and System marginal price (SMP), which has a significant impact on the allocation of demand response (DR) resources in resource scheduling and commitment (RSC) process, based on the performance data of the demand resource market which has been established in 2014. Demand resources compete with generation resources in the RSC process, and it is prescribed to use demand resources only when net benefit occurs. Analysis result shows that the larger the SMP than the Net Benefit Threshold Price (NBTP), the more the winning bid of demand response resource was. It is interpreted that the introduction of NBT in DR market is justified. The demand resource market has been steadily growing. It is required to expand the scope of resources up to the small-sized DR, and to expand the functionalities of demand resources not only in the current energy market but also in the reserve market in the future. In order for that, institutional improvements are required.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 2019

Background: Dental procedures commonly involve the injection of local anesthetic agents, which causes apprehension in patients. The objective of dental practice is to provide painless treatment to the patient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in reducing the pain due to local anesthetic injection. Materials and Methods: A prospective, split-mouth study was conducted on 25 patients. In Condition A, LLLT was administered followed by the administration of a standard local anesthetic agent. Patients' perception of pain with use of LLLT was assessed based on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). In Condition B, LLLT was directed to the mucosa but not activated, followed by the administration of local anesthesia. VAS was used to assess the pain level without the use of LLLT. Results: Comparison between Condition A and Condition B was done. A P value < 0.001 was considered significant, indicating a definite statistical difference between the two conditions. Conclusion: In our study, we observed that LLLT reduced pain during injection of local anesthesia. Further multi-centric studies with a larger sample size and various modifications in the study design are required.