• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.30-37
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• 2008

Anticipatory postural adjustments are pre-planned by the central nervous system (CNS) before the activation of agonist muscles in the limbs, and minimize postural sway. Most previous studies on this topic have focused on upper-limb movement, and little research has been conducted on lower-limb movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the recruitment order of left and right trunk muscles during limb movement. Fifteen healthy subjects (10 male, 5 female) were enrolled. Electro-myographic signals were recorded on the muscles of: (1) deltoid, lumbar erector spinae, latissimus dorsi and internal oblique during shoulder flexion, (2) rectus femoris, rectus abdominis, external oblique and internal oblique during hip flexion. During right upper limb flexion, the onset of left erector spinae muscle and left internal oblique muscle activity preceded the onset of right deltoid by 8.09 ms and 19.83 ms, respectively. But these differences were not significant (p>.05). A similar sequence of activation occurred with lower limb flexion. The onset of left internal oblique muscle activity preceded the onset of right rectus femoris muscle by 28.29 ms (p<.05). The onset of right internal oblique muscle activity preceded the onset of left rectus femoris muscles by 23.24 ms (p<.05). The internal oblique muscle was the first activated during limb movement. Our study established the recruitment order of trunk muscles during limb movement, and explained the postural control strategy of the trunk muscles in healthy people. We expect that this study will be used to evaluate patients with an asymmetric recruitment order of muscle activation due to impaired CNS.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1426-1434
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• 2018

This study was conducted to observe the isokinetic strength (IS) of the hip, ankle, and knee joints in young age groups. Thirty eight men and thirty one women with mean age of $30.4{\pm}3.5$ and $32.8{\pm}4.4years$, respectively, were enrolled in this study. Measurements of hip flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction at $30^{\circ}/sec$, Knee flexion and extension at $60^{\circ}/sec$, ankle inversion, eversion, plantarflexion, and dorsiflexion $30^{\circ}/sec$ were conducted. Absolute IS (Nm), relative IS (Nm/kg), strength ratios, correlations between movements were observed. Significant differences in absolute and relative strength were observed between groups in all movement except in the relative ankle strength. Relative isokinetic strength ratios of hip flexion/extension were .45 and .55, knee flexion/extension were .84 and .89, ankle dorsi/plantarflexion were .30 and .29, and ankle eversion/inversion were .86 and .84 for men and women, respectively. In the hip extension, men had about three times the body weight, and women had about 2.5 times the strength. The abduction muscle had about 1.5 times the body weight of both men and women. Height and body weight showed the significantly strong correlating relationship with hip (r, .76-.86) and knee (r, .67-.84) strength. However, ankle strength showed the comparatively correlating relationship, especially in women (r, .03 - .36). Similar age and physique characteristics of female and male groups could provide useful isokinetic strength reference values for developing the exercise program for healthy and rehabilitation groups.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the activity of the shoulder flexor and extensor when hold-relax and contraction-relax techniques were applied with shoulder joint flexion. Methods: The subjects of this study were 15 healthy women. With the shoulder joint flexion at $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, hold-relax and contraction-relax techniques were applied for the same submaximal resistance to measure the activities of the deltoid muscle anterior fiber, deltoid muscle posterior fiber, pectoralis major fiber, and latissimus dorsi muscle with surface electromyography. An independent t-test was conducted in order to compare activities of each muscle according to the two techniques. Results: When the hold-relax and contraction-relax techniques were applied with the shoulder joint flexion at $0^{\circ}$, the activities of the shoulder flexor and extensor were not significantly different, but the activity of the flexor was higher when the contraction-relax technique was applied than when the hold-relax technique was applied. When the hold-relax and contraction-relax techniques were applied with the shoulder joint flexed at $90^{\circ}$, the activities of the shoulder flexor and extensor were not significantly different, but the activity of the extensor was relatively higher than when the flexor was at $0^{\circ}$ Conclusion: When the hold-relax and contraction-relax techniques were applied with the shoulder joint flexion at $0^{\circ}$, the activities of the shoulder flexor and extensor were not significantly different, but the activity of the flexor was higher when the contraction-relax technique was applied than when the hold-relax technique was applied. When the hold-relax and contraction-relax techniques were applied with the shoulder joint flexed at $90^{\circ}$, the activities of the shoulder flexor and extensor were not significantly different, but the activity of the extensor was relatively higher than when the flexor was at $0^{\circ}$.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.209-219
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze biomechanical mechanism (posture, moment of back joint, EMG) when athletes (Judo, Ssirum) and lay people lifted a load according to two different lift methods; backlift and leglift. The number of subjects was 12; 8 athletes (4 for Judo, 4 for Ssirum) and 4 lay people. We recorded a lift motion in backlift and leglift using 7 real time infrared cameras (vicon) and analyzed EMG pattern of major muscles for a lift (lattisimus dorsi, erector spinae, biceps femoris). In a backlift Judo players showed a biggest range of back flexion and extension motion and lay people flexed more than other groups at phase 2 in which an interaction between groups and events was statistically significant (p=.024). In a leglift Ssirum players more flexed their back in a barbell lift and there was a statistical significance (p=.021) between groups and events. For moment of back joints, 1) in a backlift a larger loading on back joints in all three groups at phase 2 when lifting down a barbell, 2) in a leglift a larger loading on back joints when lifting down a barbell in two athlete groups but a larger loading when lifting up a barbell in lay people group, and all groups did not show any statistical significance. For EMG, right lattisimus dorsi muscle in a backlift was statistical significant (p=.006) in an interaction between groups and phase but left lattisimus dorsi muscle was insignicant, and there was not any significance in a leglift. Generally atheletes (Judo and Ssirum) used more their muscles of lower extremity in lifting up and down and lay people did more their ones of upper extremity.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.305-313
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• 2016

Movements of the lower limb are important for normal walking and smooth oscillation of the center of gravity. The ankle rotations such as dorsi-flexion, plantar-flexion, inversion and eversion allows the foot to accommodate to ground during level ground walking. Current below knee (B/K) prostheses are used for replacing amputated ankle, and make it possible for amputees to walk again. However, most of amputees with B/K prostheses often experience a loss of terrain adaptability as well as stability because of limited ankle rotation. This study is focused on the development of multi-rotational prosthetic foot for lower limb amputee. Our prosthesis is possible for amputees to easily walk in level ground by rotating ankle joint in sagittal plane and adapt to the abnormal terrain with ankle rotation in coronal plane. The resistance of ankle joint in the direction of dorsi/plantar-flexion can be manually regulated by hydraulic damper with controllable nozzle. Furthermore, double layered rubber induce the prosthesis adapt to irregular ground by tilting itself in direction of eversion and inversion. The experimental results highlights the potential that our prosthesis induce a normal gait for below knee amputee.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2008

This study is analyzing about application of taping by movement about shoulder joint's isometric contraction. M. college students take part in experiment. WEMG-8 and HUMAC system are used. Findings were as follows: EMG of muscle's MVIC at each angle before and after taping. 1. In flexion, EMG with taping is effective for supra spinatus at $0^{\circ}{\cdot}45^{\circ}{\cdot}90^{\circ}$, anterior deltoid at $0^{\circ}{\cdot}45^{\circ}$ and biceps brachii at $0^{\circ}{\cdot}90^{\circ}$. 2. In extension, EMG with taping is effective for triceps brachii at $0^{\circ}$, latissimus dorsi at $90^{\circ}$ and posterior deltoid at $45^{\circ}{\cdot}90^{\circ}$. 3. Each angle viewpoint, EMG of latissimus dorsi in extension can be arranged in its high order as $90^{\circ}<45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ without taping and $90^{\circ}<0^{\circ}$ respectively. EMG of posterior deltoid in extension is in its high order as $90^{\circ}<45^{\circ}<0^{\circ}$ without taping and $90^{\circ}<0^{\circ}$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to comparison of the effects of proprioception traning and muscle strength traning on the ankle strength and balance of obese middle-aged woman. Method : The subjects of this study are obese-middle aged woman; 8 woman who agreed with this research, were picked up. Participants were divided randomly into equal groups: experimental group receved proprioception traning for 6 weeks, which consists of 3 times per week, 30 min for each session. control group received strength training during the same period. Muscle strength and balance were measured dorsi flexion, plantar flexion, functional reach test and one leg standing. The intervention were compared by measuring before and after. Result : There were significant improvements in the subscales of the muscle strength of both group and balance test of those who practiced with the proprioception traning, while the muscle strength traning showed significant changes only muscle strength. Conclusion : Therefore, proprioception training is beneficial in improvement of to improve the muscle strength and balance in middle-aged woman with obesity.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.7-15
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• 2011

Purpose: We investigated the relationship between the muscle activity and kinematic variables of the upper extremity during a push-up task on stable and unstable surfaces. Methods: We recruited 15 healthy subjects. Subjects completed the push-up task on stable and unstable surfaces. Surface electromyograms were recorded from the serratus anterior, upper trapezius, latissimus dorsi, infraspinatus to monitor changes in muscle activity. Markers for kinematic changes of elbow flexion, shoulder extension, shoulder retraction and scapular adduction were attached at C7, the T7 spinous process, both acromions, the scapula superior and inferior angle, the humerus lateral epicondyle, and the ulnar styloid process. Correlation coefficients between muscle activity and kinematic variables were analyzed by SPSS for Windows, version 15.0. Results: On the unstable surface, elbow flexion and shoulder extension increased with increasing muscle activity of serratus anterior, upper trapezius and infraspinatus. On the stable surface, shoulder retraction decreased with increasing muscle activity of serratus anterior and infraspinatus. Scapular adduction decreased with all types of increasing muscle activity, regardless of the support surface. Conclusion: Correlations between muscle activity and kinematic variables were observed on stable and unstable surfaces during a push-up task, while correlations between right and left variables were not clear. These finding suggest that it may be used to develop a rehabilitation program which could be effective in improving shoulder function in patients with shoulder problems.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between strength balance and joint position sense related to the ankle joint in healthy women. Methods: Twenty-six healthy women were recruited. Isokinetic strength and joint position sense (JPS) were measured using a Biodex System 4 pro Dynamometer and a Biodex Advantage Software Package. Prior to measuring the JPS and isokinetic strength, the dominant foot was determined according to the Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire. After the JPS test, isokinetic strength was evaluated in velocity $60^{\circ}s$, including practice trial ($90^{\circ}s$). Using the measured isokinetic strength, a Strength Balance Index (SBI) was calculated. Results: Relative to the SBI, the degree of imbalance was varied; but there were imbalances. For each starting position, JPS error showed no significant differences (p>0.05). The relationship between SBI and JPS was found during the inversion to eversion process, eversion to inversion, and dorsi flexion to plantar flexion. Conclusion: There are moderate to mild relationships between JPS and SBI during ankle movement. It is suggested that to prevent ankle injuries, strength balance should be considered along with the other potential factors including anatomical alignment, proprioception, and soft tissues problems.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyse scientific according to period of rehabilitation training of ACL patients. ACL patients seven subjects participated in this study. Gait (1.58 m/sec) analysis was performed by using a 3-D Cinematography, a Zebris system and a electromyograph system. The data were analyzed by paired t-test. The joint angles were recorded from the ankle, knee, hip joints. Peak max dorsi-flexion and peak max plantar-flexion identified significant differences (p<0.05). Another angles were no significant difference. Vertical force (Fz) and max pressure variables improved 6 month RTP better than 3 month RTP. EMG were collected from 4 muscles (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior) with surface electrides in gait system. EMG signals were rectified and smoothed data. EMG signas were no significant difference but they also improved 6 month RTP better than 3 month RTP. More research is necessary to determine exactly what constitutes optimal rehabilitation training period for ACL patients.