• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1139-1146
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• 2002

Sixty crossbred Anglo-Nubian goats (growing females), 18-24 mo of age, with a mean pre-experimental live weight of $20.9{\pm}0.44kg$ were used to investigate voluntary dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility of supplements of Leucaena leucocephala (LL) leaves to a basal diet of guinea grass. The experiment was a 3 forms of presentation: fresh, wilted and $dry{\times}4$ levels of supplementation: 10, 20, 30 and 40% of total forage allowance with LL leaves. The goats were assigned based on weight and age to one of the twelve diets in a randomized manner and each level had five animals (replicates) per diet for 56 days. The form of presentation of LL leaves had effects on dry matter (DM) and nutrient composition. DM and NDF were higher in the dry LL leaves (p<0.05). In the diets, CP increased as the level of supplementation with LL leaves increased (p<0.05). Mean CP was similar in the fresh ($14.8{\pm}3.5%$), wilted ($14.3{\pm}3.3%$) and dry forms ($13.9{\pm}3.1%$). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of supplementation. Organic matter (OM) followed the trend of CP concentration (p<0.05). Drying was observed to reduce the availability of CP at the different levels of supplementation and subsequently this affected the NDF of the diets. DM intake of the goats on the fresh and wilted LL leaves was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in those on the dry LL leaves. DM intake of the basal diet was observed to decrease as the level of supplementation (p<0.05) increased regardless of the form of presentation of LL. Growth rate was best (p<0.05) on the fresh form followed by wilted and the least in the dry form. Growth rate decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increase in the level of supplementation in the dry form. The form of presentation and level of supplementation influenced DM, CP and OM digestibility (p<0.05). Except for NDF, the digestibility of DM, CP and OM were better (p<0.05) in the goats on fresh LL leaves compared to the wilted and dry leaves. Based on the data on DMI, growth rate and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients, the results suggest that LL leaves is best utilized when fed fresh or wilted to goats. In the dry form of presentation, the best level of supplementation without a reduction in voluntary DMI and growth rate is the 20%. In the fresh and wilted form, LL leaves could be fed up to the 40% level with improved DMI, growth rate and nutrient utilization.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2008

An experiment was conducted in Vietnam to test the hypothesis that supplementation with cassava powder up to 2% of live weight (LW)/d (DM basis) would linearly increase digestible organic matter intake and LW gain of Laisind cattle. There were five treatments: a basal diet of elephant grass fed at 1.25% of LW and rice straw fed ad libitum or this diet supplemented with cassava powder, containing 2% urea, at about 0.3, 0.7, 1.3 or 2.0% LW. The cattle fed cassava powder at about 2.0% LW did not consume all of the supplement, with actual intake similar to the 1.3% LW treatment. Organic matter, digestible organic matter and digestible energy intakes increased (p<0.001) curvilinearly with increased consumption of cassava powder. Rice straw intake declined curvilinearly with increasing intake of cassava powder (p<0.001), and there was a small linear decline (p = 0.01) in grass intake. The substitution rate of cassava powder for forage was between 0.5 and 0.7 kg DM reduction in forage intake per kg DM supplement consumed, with no difference between treatments. Apparent digestibility of organic matter increased (p<0.001) in a curvilinear manner, while digestibility of neutral detergent fibre declined (p<0.001) in a curvilinear manner with increased consumption of cassava powder. Live weight gain increased (p<0.01) linearly with increased consumption of supplement. It was concluded that the amount of cassava powder fed should be limited to between 0.7 and 1.0% LW.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.58-68
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• 2015

Requirements to control the large decrease in serum calcium (Ca) due to parturition and to increase the feed intake soon after parturition have been well accepted in dairy cows. This study was aimed to investigate the feed intake affected by serum Ca concentration with difructose anhydride (DFA) III supplement in dairy cows soon after parturition. Fourteen transition Holstein cows were divided into DFA and control (CONT) groups within 1 to 5 parity variations in each group. Measurement schedule for an individual cow was from 14 d before parturition to 7 d following parturition. The cows in DFA group were supplied 0.2 kg/head/d of DFA III feed containing 40 g of pure DFA III while the cows in CONT group received no DFA III. Other feeding procedures were the same for all cows in both groups. At parturition (d 0), serum Ca concentration sharply declined in both groups (p<0.05). Time interval for recovery from decreased serum Ca to its normal range (>9.0 mg/dL) tended to be faster in DFA group (12 h) than in the CONT group (48 h), but the differences were not significant. Active ruminal contraction was observed in DFA group at following parturition of d 1 (p<0.05), d 3 (p<0.05), and d 5 (p<0.01). Dry matter (DM) intake did not differ between the groups. However, positive correlations were observed between serum Ca concentration and ruminal contraction (p<0.001), and between ruminal contraction and DM intake (p<0.001) during following parturition. According to multiple regression analysis ($R^2$ = 0.824, p<0.001), the DM intake was positively affected by serum Ca concentration and ruminal contraction. These results suggest that feed intake soon after parturition in dairy cows can be increased by improvement of serum Ca concentration and active ruminal contraction, but DFA III supplementation in this study did not improve the lower serum Ca concentration due to parturition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.621-633
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• 2008

뇌경색을 동반질환으로 가지는 당뇨병 환자와 뇌경색이 발병하지 않은 당뇨병 환자의 식?생활습관, 영양소 섭취 상태 및 식사의 질을 비교한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 뇌경색 당뇨병 환자인 DM-CI군과 비뇌경색 당뇨 환자인 DM군의 평균 연령은 65.6, 69.2세, 뇨병 유병 기간은 10.9, 9.7년으로 두 군 간의 차이가 없었다. 당뇨병 교육을 받은 경험은 DM-CI군에서 유의적으로 낮았으며 (DM-CI: 21.4% vs. DM: 47.5%) 약물치료에서도 두 군 간에 유의적인 차이가 관찰되었다 (p < 0.05). 흡연율 (DMCI: 25.0% vs. DM: 2.5%)과 음주율 (DM-CI: 28.6% vs. DM: 10.0%)은 DM-CI군에서 유의적으로 높았으나 (p < 0.05) 규칙적인 운동과 운동 횟수에서는 DM-CI군에서 유의적으로 낮았다 (p < 0.05).2) 신체계측에서는 군 간에 차이가 관찰되지 않았으나 여자의 경우, 평균 신장이 DM-CI군에서 유의적으로 높았으며 (p < 0.05) 체질량 지수가 두 군 모두 과체중-비만 범위에 있었다. 혈압측정 결과, 수축기 혈압은 군 간의 차이를 보이지 않았으나 이완기 혈압에서 남녀 모두 DM-CI군에서 유의적으로 높았다 (p < 0.05).3) 식사를 규칙적으로 하고 있는 경우는 DM군에서 유의적으로 높았고 하루에 한 끼를 거르는 경우는 DM-CI군에서 많았다 (p < 0.05). 식사시간이 불규칙한 경우는 DMCI군에서 유의적으로 높았으며 (p < 0.05) 간식의 섭취빈도 및 외식의 섭취 빈도에서는 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다. 4) 일일 탄수화물, 나트륨 섭취량은 남녀 모두 DM-CI군에서 유의적으로 높았으며, 지방과 콜레스테롤은 여자 DMCI군에서 유의적으로 높았다 (p < 0.05). 비타민 B1, B2, C, 엽산, 칼슘 섭취는 DM군에서 높았으며 단백질, 아연의 섭취는 DM-CI군에서 유의적으로 높았다 (p < 0.05). 영양소 섭취량을 권장섭취량과 비교한 결과, DM군에서 비타민 A, 칼슘, 아연이 권장섭취량에 미달되었으며 DM-CI군에서는 비타민 B1, 비타민 B2, 나이아신, 엽산, 비타민 C, 칼슘이 미달되었다. 5) 식사의 적절성을 평가하는 INQ의 경우, DM-CI군에서 비타민 B1, 비타민 C, 비타민 B2, 엽산, 칼슘의 적정도가 유의적으로 낮았다 (p < 0.05). 식품군의 다양성을 평가하는 DDS는 DM-CI군에서 유의적으로 낮았으나 (p < 0.05) 섭취 식품의 다양성을 평가하는 DVS는 두 군 간에 차이가 없었다. 식사 섭취패턴은 두 군에서 유의적으로 다르게 나타났는데 DM군에서는 다섯 가지 식품군을 섭취하는 비율이 (GMVDF = 11111) 가장 높았던 반면 DM-CI군에서는 유제품군을 섭취하지 않는 경우가 (GMVDF = 11101) 가장 높았다 (p < 0.05). 식사의 질 평가에서 DM-CI군, DM 군이 각각 $8.3 {\pm}1.3$, $6.9{\pm}$ 1.7로 DM-CI군에서 식사의 질이 유의적으로 낮았다 (p < 0.05). 결론적으로, 뇌경색을 동반한 당뇨병 환자는 뇌경색을 동반하지 않은 당뇨병 환자에 비해 흡연, 음주, 운동 등의 건강관련 습관이 좋지 않았다. 또한 열량, 지방, 나트륨, 콜레스테롤의 섭취는 많은 반면, 비타민과 기질의 섭취량이 낮았으며 영양소 섭취 적정도와 식품 섭취패턴 및 식사의 질이 저하되어 있었다. 따라서 뇌경색을 동반한 당뇨병 환자는 당뇨병 관리를 위한 건강 관련 습관을 조절함과 동시 에 다양한 식품 섭취를 통하여 식사의 질을 높이는 것이 요구된다. 당뇨병은 기본적으로 식사요법을 잘 실행할 때 여러 합병증의 발병을 예방할 수 있으며 약물 복용 시에도 632 / 뇌경색 당뇨환자와 비뇌경색 당뇨환자의 비교 그 중요성은 강조된다. 식사요법은 올바른 영양교육을 통하여 건강관련 생활습관과 함께 습득될 수 있는 부분이므로 당뇨병 환자뿐만 아니라 합병증을 동반한 당뇨병 환자에서도 개개인에 맞는 적극적인 의학영양치료가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.645-650
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• 2006

Thirty early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, six animals in each group, were used in a completely randomized design to examine the feeding value of 4% urea treated wheat straw (UTWS) ensiled with 6% or without acidified molasses. Five experimental diets were formulated. The control ration was balanced to contain 30% DM from UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. The other four diets were formulated to have 30, 40, 50 and 60% DM from UTWS ensiled with 6% acidified molasses, respectively. Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes were higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses compared with those fed a diet containing UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. Intake of DM was not significantly different in buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. A similar trend was observed for crude protein (CP) intake. Apparent DM and NDF digestibilities were significantly higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses compared with those fed UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. However, differences in DM and NDF digestibilities were non-significant across buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. Milk yield (4% fat corrected) was significantly higher in buffaloes fed diets containing UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses than those fed a diet containing UTWS ensiled without acidified molasses. Milk yield was similar in buffaloes fed varying level of UTWS ensiled with acidified molasses. Milk CP, true protein, solid-not-fat and total solids were similar in buffaloes fed UTWS ensiled with or without acidified molasses. The UTWS ensiled with 6% acidified molasses can be included at up to 60% DM of lactating buffalo rations without any ill effect on productivity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1389-1396
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• 2007

Twelve swamp buffaloes and Brahman cattle heifers (6 animals each) were randomly assigned to two treatments, control (grazing only) and supplementation of cassava hay (CH) at 1-kg dry matter per head per day (DM/hd/d), in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement according to a cross-over design. The cassava hay contained a high level of protein (19.5% of DM) and a strategic amount of condensed tannins (4.0% of DM). As a result it was revealed that supplementation of CH at 1-kg DM/hd/d significantly (p<0.05) improved the nutrition of both swamp buffaloes and Brahman cattle in terms of DM, organic matter (OM), protein and energy intake and digestibility, ruminal NH3-N and rumen ecology. Supplementation significantly (p<0.05) reduced weight losses in both species and improved the health, in terms of reduced number of parasite eggs in feces (p<0.05), of both buffaloes and cattle. There tended to be a difference in term of response to CH between the two species. The DM, OM, protein intake and digestibility and total digestible energy intake tended to be higher for buffaloes as compared to cattle. Moreover, the percentage reduction of parasite eggs tended to be higher for buffaloes as compared to cattle (57.6 and 45.0%, respectively). However, there were no significant interactions between species and treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.629-632
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of substituting bread by-product (BBP) for barley grain in high concentrate fattening diets for kids on nutrient intake, growth performance, and nutrient digestibility. Twenty-eight Baladi kids (body weight=17.1${\pm}$1.0 kg) were assigned randomly to 4 experimental finishing diets (7 kids/treatment) in a completely randomized design for 70 days. The control (CON) diet contained 20, 60, 11, 7 and 2% (DM basis) alfalfa hay, barley grain, soybean meal, corn grain, and mineral and vitamin mix, respectively. Bread by-product substituted barley grain by 10, 20 and 30% of the diet DM in the LBBP, MBBP, and HBBP diets, respectively. Dry matter intakes for the CON, LBBP and MBBP diets were similar (p>0.05; avg.=592 g/day), however, kids fed the HBBP diet had a lower (p<0.05) DM intake (451 g/day). Organic matter and CP intakes showed similar patterns to that observed for DM. Dietary treatments did not affect (p>0.05) average daily gain for kids fed the CON, LBBP and MBBP diets (avg.=150 g/day). Final body weights for kids fed the CON, LBBP and MBBP diets (avg. 27.1 kg) were greater (p<0.05) than for kids fed the HBBP diet (23.7 kg). Feed to gain ratio was greater for the CON, LBBP and MBBP diets (avg. 3.9) compared with the HBBP diet (5.0). No significant (p>0.05) effect of the dietary treatment was observed for DM, OM and NDF digestibility. Substituting BBP for barley grain up to 20% of the diet DM did not affect nutrient intake, growth performance and nutrient digestibility of kids and resulted in a decrease in feed cost.

• 생약학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.408-414
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the anti-hyperglycemia effects of the Triticum aestivum wheat sprout (TAWS) water extracts in the diabetic mice. Diabetic experimental model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin into male Balb/c mice. Mice were divided into five groups: normal (CON), diabetic control (DM), and three experimental groups (DM-100, diabetes with TAWS extracts 100mg/kg; DM-50, diabetes with TAWS extracts 50 mg/kg; DM-25, diabetes with TAWS extracts 25 mg/kg). TAWS extracts were administered orally in diabetic mice. Body weight, food intake, and blood glucose levels were recorded for 12 days and blood insulin levels were measured at the day 12. Oral administration of TAWS extracts reduced slightly food intake and induced a little body weight gain in DM-100 groups. The blood level of glucose was decreased in the dose-dependent manner; 55% in the DM-100 group and 39.7% in the DM-50 group. The blood level of insulin also was improved 10 folds in the DM-100 group and 3.6 folds in the DM-50 group compared to the DM group. The contents of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids in 1 g dry mass of TAWS extracts were 6.6 mg of tannic acid equivalents and 1.0 mg of 8-hydroquinolline equivalents, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activity of TAWS extracts were 1.2 mM and 1.8 mM ascorbic acid equivalents, respectively. These results suggest that TAWS water extracts could contribute to attenuate clinical symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.607-616
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• 2003

본 실험은 육계분과 제과부산물로 제조된 TMR(TDN 69%)에 입자도가 각기 다른 여분의 육계분과 볏짚(diet DM의 10% 수준)을 혼합하여 기존의 배합사료와 볏짚 급여 체계(대조구)를 100% 대체하였을 때 면양에 의한 행동 양상, 영양소 섭취량, 체내 소화율, 가소화 영양소 섭취량, 반추위 성상, 혈액 성상 및 체내 질소 출납에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 대조구와 비교해서 TMR 급여구들은 일일 섭취시간, 반추시간, 총 저작시간이 감소하였고(P<0.05), 음수시간은 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 사료 DM 섭취량이 비슷한 상황에서 가소화(digestible) DM, OM, fiber 및 총 영양소 섭취량은 낮았으며(P<0.05), EE를 제외한 영양소 소화율 또한 낮았으나(P<0.05), 반추위 발효 성상(pH, VFA 생성량 및 비율, acetate/ propionate 비율, 탄수화물 발효 효율, 반추위 NH3-N)과 혈중 urea-N 농도는 별 차이 없이 정상적이었으며, 특히 사료 단백질의 체내 활용성(소화율 및 축적율)은 양호한 것으로 나타났다. TMR에 입자도가 작은 육계분을 입자도가 큰 볏짚으로 diet DM의 10% 수준을 대체하였을 때, 일일 섭취시간, 반추시간, 총 저작시간은 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 음수시간은 정상에 가깝게 감소하였고(P<0.05), 그 외의 상기한 parameter에는 전혀 영향을 미치지 않았다. 결과적으로 육계분과 제과부산물로서 적정사료 에너지 수준을 고려하여 제조된 TMR은 반추동물의 기존 배합사료-볏짚 급여 체계를 대체할 수 있는 잠재적 가능성을 시사하였으며, 특히 TMR 급여 시 소량의(건물 10% 수준) 볏짚 공급은 면양의 행동 양상을 보다 양호하게 만들었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1383-1389
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• 2004

The nutritive value and utilization of whole crop rice silage (WCRS), Hamasari, at yellow mature stage was determined by three studies. In first study, chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) content of WCRS was determined by Holstein steers. WCRS contains 6.23% CP, its digestibility is 48.4% and estimated TDN is 56.4%. Its ME content was 1.91 Mcal/kg DM. Gross energy (GE) retention (% of GE intake) in steers is only 22.7% most of which was lost through feces (44.7% of GE intake). It takes 81 minutes to chew a kg of WCRS by steers. In another study, the effect of Hamasari at yellow mature stage at three stages of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) and two levels of concentrate (40 or 60%) on voluntary intake, ME content and ME intake, milk yield and composition using lactating Holstein dairy cows were investigated. Total intake increased with the concentrate level in early and mid lactation, but was similar irrespective of concentrate level in late lactation. WCRS intake was higher with 40% concentrate level than with 60% concentrate. ME intake by cows increased with the concentrate level and WCRS in early lactating cows with 40% concentrate can support only 90% of the ME requirement. Milk production in accordance with ME intake increased with the increase in concentrate level in early and mid lactating cows but was similar in late lactating cows irrespective of concentrate level. Fat and protein percent of milk in mid and late lactating cows were higher with for 60% concentrate than 40%, but reverse was in early lactating cows. Solids-not-fat was higher with for 60% concentrate than 40% concentrate. Finally in situ degradability of botanical fractions such as leaf, stem, head and whole WCRS, Hamasari at yellow mature stage was incubated from 0 to 96 h in Holstein steers to determine DM and N degradability characteristics of botanical fractions and whole WCRS. Both DM and N solubility, rate of degradation and effective degradability of leaf of silage was lower, but slowly degradable fraction was higher compared to stem and head. Solubility of DM and N of stem was higher than other fractions. The 48 h degradability, effective degradability and rate of degradation of leaf were always lower than stem or head. In conclusion, voluntary intake of silage ranged from 5 to 12 kg/d and was higher with low levels of concentrate, but milk yield was higher with high levels of concentrate. Fat corrected milk yield ranged from 19 to 37 kg per day. For consistency of milk, early lactating cows should not be allowed more than 40% whole crop rice silage in the diet, but late lactating cows may be allowed 60% whole crop rice silage.