• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.789-804
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• 2005

본 연구는 액상 DFM(Bacillus spp.)을 완전혼합사료(실험 1) 및 다양한 비율의 starch와 cellulose에 적용(실험 2) 하였을 때, 반추위내 발효와 섬유소분해효소활성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 in vitro 배양을 24시간동안 실시하였다. 실험 1의 처리구는 완전혼합사료에 액상 DFM 0%(대조구), 0.025%, 0.05%로 각각 첨가하였다. 실험 1에서, 0.025%구는 배양 6, 9시간에서 대조구와는 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 0.05%구보다는 유의하게 낮은 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 암모니아질소농도와 휘발성지방산농도는 액상 DFM에 의하여 영향을 받지 않았다. 하지만, A:P비율은 DFM의 적용으로 배양 24시간에 대조구에 비하여 0.05%구에서 유의한 증가를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 액상 DFM적용에 의한 섬유소분해효소활력은 전반적으로 유의한 효과가 나타나지 않았지만, CMCase는 배양 6시간에 대조구에 비하여 유의한 증가를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 하지만, xylanase는 배양 12시간의 0.05%구에서 오히려 액상 DFM의 적용으로 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 반추위내 건물소실율은 액상 DFM의 첨가수준에 의해 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 실험 2는 다양한 비율(90:10, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, 10:90)의 starch와 cellulose에 액상 DFM을 각 비율에 대하여 대조구(0%)와 첨가구(0.025%)로 나누어 반추위액을 이용하여 배양하였다. 반추위내 pH는 액상 DFM의 첨가로 유의한 영향을 받지 않았고, starch의 비율이 증가함에 따라 부분적으로 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 암모니아질소농도는 액상 DFM의 첨가와 starch 및 cellulose의 비율에 의하여 유의한 영향을 받지 않았다. 하지만, 배양 9시간의 70:30비율에서 액상 DFM첨가구가 35.65mg/dL의 암모니아질소농도를 나타내어 대조구의 65.05mg/dL에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 휘발성지방산농도는 70:30비율의 6시간 배양에서 액상 DFM구가 대조구에 비하여 유의한 증가를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 액상 DFM의 첨가는 CMCase에는 전반적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나 xylanase에는 90:10, 30:70 및 10:90구에서 부분적인 유의성이 인정되었다. 본 연구결과로부터, 액상 DFM의 적용은 in vitro 발효성상과 섬유소분해효소활성을 유의적으로 향상시키지 않았고, 사료의 조성에 따라 그 효과는 다양하게 나타나 일관성이 없는 것으로 평가되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.722-730
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• 2016

The carcass traits and meat quality of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) whose diets were supplemented with direct-fed microbial (DFM) and pine cone extract (PCE) were evaluated. Twenty head of Hanwoo steers were divided equally into four groups and for a period of 6 months were given different diets: One group was fed a basal diet as control (CON), the other three groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with DFM-1%, DFM+PCE-1% and DFM+PEC-3%, respectively. DFM+PCE3% diet resulted the lowest carcass quality grade. The loins of DFM-1% contained higher moisture and lower fat than did the loins from the CON group. The crude protein content of DFM+PCE-3% group was significantly higher than that of the other groups. The water holding capacity and Warner-Bratzler shear force of the DFM+PCE-1% and 3% groups were lower than those of the CON and DFM-1% groups. The DFM-1% and 3% groups contained lower saturated fatty acid, higher unsaturated fatty acid, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid than did CON and DFM+PCE 1% group. Moreover, the n6:n3 ratios of DFM-1% and DFM+PCE-1% and 3% groups were slightly lower than that of the CON group. Thus we concluded that DFM and PCE supplementation resulted healthier Hanwoo beef with lower fat content and n6:n3 ratio.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2004

본 연구는 사료내 복합생균제의 첨가에 따른 육계의 성장률 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 사양시험은 2일령 Arbor Acre Broiler(♂) 288수를 공시하였고, 사양시험은 5주간 실시하였다. 시험설계는 옥수수-대두박 위주의 사료인 1) 대조구(CON, basal diet), 2) DFM-1(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillur reuteri), 3) DFM-2(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum), 4) DFM-3(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillu reuteri ＆ Lactobacillu plantarum), 5) DFM-4(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆ Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum ＆ Yeast), 6) DFM-5(basal diet + 0.2% Enterococcus sp. ＆Lactobacillus reuteri ＆ Lactobacillus plantarum ＆ Bacillus subtilis)로 6개 처리로 하였다. 처리당 4반복 12수씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 시작 후 1주까지 생균제 처리구에서 증체량과 사료효율 등에서 대조구보다 높은 결과를 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 3∼5주의 기간에서는 생균제 첨가구에서 증체량이 대조구에 비해 개선된 효과를 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 전 시험기간에 걸친 변화를 보면 생균제를 첨가한 처리구에서 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 대조구보다 증체량이 높은 경향을 보여 육계 사육기간의 초, 중반기에서 후반기로 갈수록 증체량과, 사료섭취량, 사료효율 등에서 대조구에 비해 개선된 결과를 보였다. DFM-3처리구는 DFM-1보다 성장능력이 낮았으며 DFM-2와 유사하였고, 효모와 Bacillus subtilis가 혼합된 DFM-4와 DFM-5처리구는 높은 성장능력을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었으며 특정생균제의 효과도 발견할 수 없었다. 영양소 소화율은 질소 소화율에서 생균제 처리구가 향상되는 경향을 보였으나 통계적인 차이는 없었다. 결론적으로 복합생균제의 첨가가 복합생균제간 또는 생균제 처리구와 대조구간에는 육계의 생산성에 유의적 차이는 없었으나 후기에 있어서 증체량 및 사료효율을 향상시키는 경향이 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1657-1667
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• 2010

Direct-fed microbials (DFM) are dietary supplements that inhibit gastrointestinal infection and provide optimally regulated microbial environments in the digestive tract. As the use of antibiotics in ruminant feeds has been banned, DFM have been emphasized as antimicrobial replacements. Microorganisms that are used in DFM for ruminants may be classified as lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB), lactic acid utilizing bacteria (LUB), or other microorganisms including species of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus and Propionibacterium, strains of Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotella bryantii and yeast products containing Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. LAB may have beneficial effects in the intestinal tract and rumen. Both LAB and LUB potentially moderate rumen conditions and improve feed efficiency. Yeast DFM may reduce harmful oxygen, prevent excess lactate production, increase feed digestibility, and improve fermentation in the rumen. DFM may also compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogens, stimulate immune function, and modulate microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. LAB may regulate the incidence of diarrhea, and improve weight gain and feed efficiency. LUB improved weight gain in calves. DFM has been reported to improve dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat content in mature animals. However, contradictory reports about the effects of DFM, dosages, feeding times and frequencies, strains of DFM, and effects on different animal conditions are available. Cultivation and preparation of ready-to-use strict anaerobes as DFM may be cost-prohibitive, and dosing methods, such as drenching, that are required for anaerobic DFM are unlikely to be acceptable as general on-farm practice. Aero-tolerant rumen microorganisms are limited to only few species, although the potential isolation and utilization of aero-tolerant ruminal strains as DFM has been reported. Spore forming bacteria are characterized by convenience of preparation and effectiveness of DFM delivery to target organs and therefore have been proposed as DFM strains. Recent studies have supported the positive effects of DFM on ruminant performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2015

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the dietary supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphology and cecal microflora in broiler chickens. A total of two hundred and eighty eight 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allocated to one of four experimental treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was fed to eight replicate cages, with nine birds per cage. Dietary treatments were composed of an antibiotic-free basal diet (control), and the basal diet supplemented with either 15 mg/kg of virginiamycin as antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), 30 mg/kg of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-based DFM (DFM 30) or 60 mg/kg of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-based DFM (DFM 60). Experimental diets were fed in two phases: starter (d 1 to 21) and finisher (d 22 to 42). Growth performance, nutrient utilization, morphological parameters of the small intestine and cecal microbial populations were measured at the end of the starter (d 21) and finisher (d 42) phases. During the starter phase, DFM and virginiamycin supplementation improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR; p<0.01) compared with the control group. For the finisher phase and the overall experiment (d 1 to 42) broilers fed diets with the DFM had better body weight gain (BWG) and FCR than that of control (p<0.05). Supplementation of virginiamycin and DFM significantly increased the total tract apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM) and gross energy during both starter and finisher phases (p<0.05) compared with the control group. On d 21, villus height, crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were significantly increased for the birds fed with the DFM diets as compared with the control group (p<0.05). The DFM 30, DFM 60, and AGP groups decreased the Escherichia coli population in cecum at d 21 and d 42 compared with control group (p<0.01). In addition, the population of Lactobacillus was increased in DFM 30 and DFM 60 groups as compared with control and AGP groups (p<0.01). It can be concluded that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-based DFM could be an alternative to the use of AGPs in broilers diets based on plant protein.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.1416-1420
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• 2006

3원 교잡종 (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc) 육성돈 72두를 공시하였으며, 시험 개시시 체중은 24.64$\pm$2.46kg이었다. 시험설계는 1)NC(basal diet; antibiotics free diet), 2) PC (NC diet + 0.1% antibiotics; chlortetracycline 0.05% + neomycin 0.05%), 3)DFM0.1(NC diet + 0.1% DFM)와 4)DFM0.3(NC diet + 0.3% DFM)의 4개 처리를 하여 처리당 6 반복, 반복당 3마리씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 총 사양시험 기간 동안, 일당증체량은 PC, DFM0.3, DFM0.1과 NC의 순으로 각각 806g, 781g, 774g및 753g으로 나타났으나, 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 사료효율에 있어서는 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 혈액 내 IgG(Immunoglobulin G), WBC(White blood cell)함량에 있어서는 생균제를 0.3%첨가한 처리구에서 가장 높은 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었으며(P>0.05), RBC(Red blood cell)함량에 있어서는 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 결론적으로 육성돈에 있어서 Lactic acid bacteria를 기초로한 복합생균제의 첨가, 급여 수준의 증가에 따라 성장 능력과 혈액성상이 개선시키는 영향을 주지 못하였다.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2003

Manufacturing firms have adapted seriously the Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) techniques which consider concurrently all factors related to the product development by using effective communications and sharing of information on product development processes. This study performed modelling and characterizing the data related to product manufacturing information for Design for Manufacture(DFM) evaluation and analysis. It adapted component-based development method for communicating and managing manufacturing information among distributed manufacturing organizations. Introducing component-based development offers safety and speed to network based system. This development using Unified Modelling Language(UML) provides efficient way for reconstruction and distribution of applications. Also, the integration of database and component into the internet environment enables to communicate and manage effectively manufacturing information for DFM evaluation and analysis at any place in the world. Therefore this system can make it more reasonable that evaluating, analyzing, and effective decision making of product design using DFM technique.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.82-93
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• 2007

1. Objectives Functional medicine is a system which utilizes certain Investigative and treatment methods that are primarily oriented toward the recognition of functional disorder. The 7-zone-diagnostic system(VEGA-DFM722 and ABR-2000, etc) is a diagnostic device which applies pulse signals to predetermined bodily locations. We think that we can discriminate between Soeumin, Soyangin and Taeumin with this system. 2. Methods The subject of our study is no disease men and women who are decided the same constitution both survey of the QSCC II and diagnosis of specialist of the Sasang Constitution. All subject are 76(Soeumin(N=24), Soyangin(N=17), Taeumin(N=35)) cases. We make an analysis of a distinctive feature on the result of the VEGA-DFM722. 3. Results and Conclusions 1) Soeumin or Taeumin women had that the red bar graphs of and 1, 2 and 3 are lower than the red bar graphs of zone 4, 5, 6 and 7 in factor AA on the result of the VEGA-DFM722 with the naked eye. Soyangin or Taeumin men had that the red bar graphs of zone 1,2 and 3 are higher than the red bar graphs of tone 4, 5, 6 and 7 in factor AA on the result of the VEGA-DFM722 with the naked eye. 2) The typical discrimination between Soeumin and Soyangin showed statistical significance(p<0.05) in Factor PF 4(red bar) on the result of VEGA-DFM722.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.1192-1205
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• 2016

Field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based systems are thought to be a practical option to replace certain obsolete instrumentation and control systems in nuclear power plants. An FPGA is a type of integrated circuit, which is programmed after being manufactured. FPGAs have some advantages over other electronic technologies, such as analog circuits, microprocessors, and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), for nuclear instrumentation and control, and safety system applications. However, safety-related issues for FPGA-based systems remain to be verified. Owing to this, modeling FPGA-based systems for safety assessment has now become an important point of research. One potential methodology is the dynamic flowgraph methodology (DFM). It has been used for modeling software/hardware interactions in modern control systems. In this paper, FPGA logic was analyzed using DFM. Four aspects of FPGAs are investigated: the "IEEE 1164 standard," registers (D flip-flops), configurable logic blocks, and an FPGA-based signal compensator. The ModelSim simulations confirmed that DFM was able to accurately model those four FPGA properties, proving that DFM has the potential to be used in the modeling of FPGA-based systems. Furthermore, advantages of DFM over traditional reliability analysis methods and FPGA simulators are presented, along with a discussion of potential issues with using DFM for FPGA-based system modeling.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1781-1794
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• 2018

Objective: This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the overall effect of direct-fed microbial (DFM) or probiotic supplementation on the log concentrations of culturable gut microbiota in broiler chickens. Methods: Relevant studies were collected from PubMed, SCOPUS, Poultry Science Journal, and Google Scholar. The studies included controlled trials using DFM supplementation in broiler chickens and reporting log concentrations of the culturable gut microbiota. The overall effect of DFM supplementation was determined using standardized mean difference (SMD) with a random-effects model. Subgroups were analyzed to identify pre-specified characteristics possibly associated with the heterogeneity of the results. Risk of bias and publication bias were assessed. Results: Eighteen taxa of the culturable gut microbiota were identified from 42 studies. The overall effect of DFM supplementation on the log concentrations of all 18 taxa did not differ significantly from the controls (SMD = -0.06, 95% confidence interval [-0.16, 0.04], p = 0.228, $I^2=85%$, n = 699 comparisons), but the 18 taxa could be further classified into three categories by the direction of the effect size: taxa whose log concentrations did not differ significantly from the controls (category 1), taxa whose log concentrations increased significantly with DFM supplementation (category 2), and taxa whose log concentrations decreased significantly with DFM supplementation (category 3). Category 1 comprised nine taxa, including total bacterial counts. Category 2 comprised four taxa: Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium butyricum, and Lactobacillus. Category 3 comprised five taxa: Clostridium perfringens, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Salmonella. Some characteristics identified by the subgroup analysis were associated with result heterogeneity. Most studies, however, were present with unclear risk of bias. Publication bias was also identified. Conclusion: DFM supplementation increased the concentrations of some beneficial bacteria (e.g. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and decreased those of some detrimental bacteria (e.g. Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella) in the guts of broiler chickens.