• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

In marine ecosystems, the biosynthesis and catabolism of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) by marine bacteria is critical to microbial survival and the ocean food chain. Furthermore, these processes also influence sulfur recycling and climate change. Recent studies using emerging genome sequencing data and extensive bioinformatics analysis have enabled us to identify new DMSP-related genes. Currently, seven bacterial DMSP lyases (DddD, DddP, DddY, DddK, DddL, DddQ and DddW), two acrylate degrading enzymes (DddA and DddC), and four demethylases (DmdA, DmdB, DmdC, and DmdD) have been identified and characterized in diverse marine bacteria. In this review, we focus on the biochemical properties of DMSP cleavage enzymes with special attention to DddD, DddA, and DddC pathways. These three enzymes function in the production of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) and CO₂ from DMSP. DddD is a DMSP lyase that converts DMSP to 3-hydroxypropionate with the release of dimethylsulfide. 3-Hydroxypropionate is then converted to malonate semialdehyde by DddA, an alcohol dehydrogenase. Then, DddC transforms malonate semialdehyde to acetyl-CoA and CO₂ gas. DddC is a putative methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase that requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and CoA cofactors. Here we review recent insights into the structural characteristics of these enzymes and the molecular events of DMSP degradation.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2007

Objectives : It is necessary to monitor consumption of drugs in order to enhance promote appropriate use of drugs. Defined Daily Dose(DDD) of World Health Organization(WHO) has been used for evaluating the amount of medicine use. However, DDD of some drugs must be determined for drugs in Korea which are not listed by WHO. Our formulary follows ourself classification and DDD of some drugs must be determined since they exist only in Korea. This study was aimed to determine DDD value using RAND Appropriateness Methods and evaluate the amount of antibiotics use using DDD value. Methods : J01 antibiotics of WHO anatomical therapeutic chemical(ATC) classification were extracted from drug formulary. Antibiotics list without DDD was identified to determine their DDD with comprehensive review of references and recommendation of experts. defined. Review of reference was executed. of Expert panels were comprised of clinical pharmacist and clinical doctors. Modified Delphi Method was applied by survey and consensus meeting. Amount of antibiotic use was calculated by DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in the national level using health insurance claim data. Results : The result of 1 round, DDD values of 28 ingredients were determined from the first round of consensus meeting. With 2nd round meeting, 3 ingredients were deleted and DDD of 17 ingredients were decided. Analysis of antibiotic use in health insurance claim data showed 22.97 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in 2003 year. Conclusion : This study can contribute to the establishment of DDD assignment and thus quantifying drug uses.

• 한국위성정보통신학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2016

종래의 이중 확산된 드레인을 갖는 n형 MOSFET(DDD_NMOS) 소자는 매우 낮은 스냅백 홀딩 전압을 갖는 SCR 특성을 나타내므로 정상적인 동작 동안 래치업 문제를 초래한다. 그러나, 본 연구에서 제안하는 counter pocket source (CPS) 구조를 갖도록 변형된 DDD_NMOS 구조의 SCR 소자는 종래의DDD_NSCR_Std 표준소자에 비해 스냅백 홀딩 전압과 온-저항을 증가시켜 우수한 정전기 보호 성능과 높은 래치업 면역 특성을 얻을 수 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1826-1835
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• 2019

Objective: Testicular growth and development are strongly influenced by androgen. Although both testis weight and plasma testosterone level are inherited traits, the interrelationship between them is not fully established. Males of DDD/Sgn (DDD) mice are known to have extremely heavy testes and very high plasma testosterone level among inbred mouse strains. We dissected the genetic basis of testis weight and analyzed the potential influence of plasma testosterone level in DDD mice. Methods: Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of testis weight was performed with or without considering the influence of plasma testosterone level in reciprocal $F_2$ intercross populations between DDD and C57BL/6J (B6) mice, thereby assessing the influence of testosterone on the effect of testis weight QTL. Candidate genes for testis weight QTL were investigated by next-generation sequencing analysis. Results: Four significant QTL were identified on chromosomes 1, 8, 14, and 17. The DDDderived allele was associated with increased testis weight. The $F_2$ mice were then divided into two groups according to the plasma testosterone level ($F_2$ mice with relatively "low" and "high" testosterone levels), and QTL scans were again performed. Although QTL on chromosome 1 was shared in both $F_2$ mice, QTL on chromosomes 8 and 17 were identified specifically in $F_2$ mice with relatively high testosterone levels. By whole-exome sequencing analysis, we identified one DDD-specific missense mutation Pro29Ser in alpha tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (Atat1). Conclusion: Most of the testis weight QTL expressed stronger phenotypic effect when they were placed on circumstance with high testosterone level. High testosterone influenced the QTL by enhancing the effect of DDD-derived allele and diminishing the effects of B6-derived allele. Since Pro29Ser was not identified in other inbred mouse strains, and since Pro29 in Atat1 has been strongly conserved among mammalian species, Atat1 is a plausible candidate for testis weight QTL on chromosome 17.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2004

To obtain the residual organochlorine pesticides in the culture environment of ginseng on Sangju, Gyeongbuk, the analytical methods for BHC isomers, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT by GCECD are surveyed. The relative retention times for $\alpha$-BHC, $\beta$-BHC, ${\gamma}$-BHC, $\delta$-BHC, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were 1.000, 1.042, 1.049, 1.086, 1.202, 1.335, 1.341, 1.371, 1.391 and 1.439, respectively The BHC isomers, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were separated on the base line. The qualified detection concentration for $\alpha$-BHC, $\beta$-BHC, ${\gamma}$-BHC and $\delta$-BHC is 0.43, 1.33, 0.54 and 1.63 ng/g and it's of Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were 0.63, 0.50, 0.66, 0.74, 0.96 and 0.88ng/g, respectively. BHC isomers, Aldrin, DDE, Dieldrin, DDD, Endrin and DDT were not detected in culture environment of ginseng on Sanaju, Gyeongbuk. The detection concentration for Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, and As in ginseng were 0.0086ppm, 0.0020ppm, 0.0200ppm, 0.0271ppm and 0.0220ppm, respectively, which were also lower than the 30ppm Korea Food & Drug Administration advisory level for heavy metal in herbal medicines.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2013

Objective: This study was to define the clinical effect on the clinical decision support system (CDSS) for prescribing antibiotics integrated with the order communication system in a National Hospital. Method: We extracted data collected before integrating the CDSS of 4,406 adult patients in 2007 and data collected after integrating the CDSS of 4,278 adult patients in 2009. These patients were 50.4% and 45.2% of all patients admitted in 2007 and 2009, respectively. The clinical effect was defined as the proportion of prescribed antibiotics, the length of antibiotics use, and the DDDs (defined daily doses) of antibiotics per 1,000 patient-days using these retrospective data. Results: There were a significant change in the proportion of patient prescribed penicillins with extended spectrum (OR=0.55, p=001), penicillins included beta-lactamase inhibitors (OR=0.75, p<.001), 3rd cephalosporin (OR=1.47, p<.001). The mean of the length of antibiotics use was decreased statistically from $6.09{\pm}5.48$ to $5.85{\pm}5.51$ days (p=.003). The DDD of glycopeptides was decreased from 24.43 DDD to 19.55 DDD per 1000 patient-days. The DDD of 3rd cephalosporins was also decreased from 15.88 to 11.65. Conclusion: Therefore, the clinical decision support system for prescribing antibiotics was effective for the clinical outcomes.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.102-112
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• 1989

본 논문은 불특정 화자의 DDD 지역명 인식 실험에 관한 것으로 VQ(Vector Quantization) 방식을 이용하여 실험하였고 인식대상 어휘로는 다이얼링 시스템의 응용을 목적으로 전국 146재의 DDD 지역명을 선정하였다. 특징 파라메타로는 12차 LPC Cepstrum 계수를 사용하여 코우드북을 작성하였으며, 중심점을 찾는 방법으로는 MINSUM 방법과 MINIMAX 방법을 사용하였고 코우드북 작성에는 Splitting rule 3가지를 사용하였다. 코우드북도 Single Section 코우드북과 시간정보를 포함하는 Multi Section 코우드북으로 나누어 작성하였고 Section을 Overlapping 하여가면서 코우드북을 작성하여 실험하였다. 실험 결과 minsum 방법이 minimax 보다 인식률이 좋은 것으로 나타났으며 화자 독립의 경우 약 $90\%$의 인식율을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 정보교육학회논문지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.619-627
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 소프트웨어 교육에서 학습자들의 컴퓨팅 사고력을 신장시키기 위한 개발 중심 모형(Discovery-Design-Development: DDD)의 효과를 검증하는 것이다. 개발 중심 모형은 탐구, 설계, 구현의 3단계를 거쳐 실생활 문제를 해결하기 위한 SW를 개발하는 과정을 학습하는 수업모형이다. 이러한 개발 중심 모형의 효과를 검증하기 위해 SW 교육 수업 경험이 없는 초급 수준의 G 대학교 1학년 학생을 대상으로 실험하였다. 그 결과 개발 중심 모형을 통해 SW 개발을 경험한 학생들의 SW 교육에 대한 학습 동기는 사전-사후 간 유지되었으며 특히 자신감 영역은 유의미하게 높아졌다. 또한, 학생들은 특히 설계(Design) 단계가 CT 능력 향상에 도움이 되었으며 개발 중심 모형은 문제분해와 알고리즘의 개념 이해에 상당한 도움이 된다고 응답하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1984

수증기증류법(水蒸氣蒸溜法)으로 추출(抽出)하고 GLC-ECD를 사용(使用)하여 전라남도(全羅南道) 경작지(耕作地) 토양시료(土壤試料) 121점(點)(plastic film house 59, 밭 30, 과수원(果樹園) 32점(點)) 중의 6가지 유기염소계(有機鹽素系) 살충제 (${\gamma}-BHC$, heptachlor, dieldrin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT)의 잔류분(殘留分)을 분석평가(分析評價)하였다. 총평균잔류량(總平均殘留量)은 과수원(果樹園)이 0.415ppm, plastic film house가 0.234ppm, 밭 토양(土壤)이 0.158ppm이었다. 전체(全體) 잔류수준(殘留水準)의 94%를 p,p'-DDT와 그 동족체(同族體)(p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD)가 차지했고, ${\gamma}-BHC$는 모든 공시토양(供試土壤)에서 검출(檢出)되었으며 검출범위는 $trace{\sim}0.050ppm$이었다. 총(總) 평균잔류양(平均殘留量)은 $p,p'-DDD>p,p'-DDT>dieldrin{\approx}heptachlor>{\gamma}-BHC{\approx}p,p'-DDE$ 순(順)이었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2008

GC-${\mu}$ECD 이용한 수삼, 건조인삼, 홍삼 중 DDT(o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT)의 효율적인 분석방법을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 단순하며 소량의 용매를 사용하는 동시분석법을 이용하여 인삼으로부터 DDT(DDD 및 DDE포함)를 추출하고 헥산 및 6% 에테르 함유 헥산으로 SPE-Florisil(500 mg) 정제하는 것이 GC-${\mu}$ECD 크로마토그램에서 인삼고유성분과 DDT(DDD 및 DDE포함) 피크의 분리도와 회수율 측면에서 가장 효율적이었다. 또한 인삼 중 저농도(0.01-0.05 mg/kg) DDT(DDD 및 DDE포함) 이성질체를 SPE-Florisil(500 mg) 정제 전 30% 황산 처리 후 원심분리로 인삼 고유성분을 제거하여 정확성을 높였다. 동시다성분법 추출 후 황산처리 및 SPE-Florisil(500 mg) 정제방법을 이용한 수삼, 건조 인삼분말, 홍삼분말에 DDT(DDD 및 DDE포함) 이성질체 표준용액을 0.01 mg/kg 농도가 되도록 첨가하여 실험한 회수율은 87.9-99.6%이었으며 표준편차는 0.9-5.9%였다. 또한 검출한계(Method Detection Limits)는 0.003-0.009 mg/kg이었다.