• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.983-990
• /
• 2010

In this paper, we designed and implemented the MIMO antenna for LTE(Long Term Evolution), supposed to be a next generation communications network, DCS1800, DCS1900 and WCDMA. Using conventional monopole antenna with MD material results in good characteristics, miniaturization for LTE band and as well as broadbanding for DCS, WCDMA band. The performance of the proposed MIMO antenna shows VSWR < 2, under -10 dB of isolation and the gain is -1.66 ~ 1.33 dBi for LTE(Long Term Evolution), DCS1800, DCS1900 and WCDMA, which has omnidirectional radiation pattern.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.89-100
• /
• 2018

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that delivers 1-2 mA of current to the scalp. Several clinical studies have been conducted to confirm the therapeutic effect of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with tDCS. Some studies have shown tDCS's antidepressant effect, while the others showed conflicting results in antidepressant effects. Our aim of this review is to understand the biological bases of tDCS's antidepressant effect and review the results of studies on tDCS's antidepressant effect. For the review and search process of MDD treatment using tDCS, the US National Library of Medicine search engine PubMed was used. In this review, we discuss the biological mechanism of tDCS's antidepressant effect and the existing published literature including meta-analysis, systematic review, control trial, open studies, and case reports of antidepressant effects and cognitive function improvement in patients with MDD are reviewed. We also discuss the appropriate tDCS protocol for MDD patients, factors predictive of response to tDCS treatment, the disadvantages of tDCS in MDD treatment, and side effects.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.13-25
• /
• 2016

Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to play major roles during the induction of T cell immune responses as well as the maintenance of T cell tolerance. Naive CD4⁺ T cells have been shown to respond with high plasticity to signals inducing their polarization into effector/helper or regulatory T cells. Data obtained from in vitro generated bone-marrow (BM)-derived DCs as well as genetic mouse models revealed an important but not exclusive role of DCs in shaping CD4⁺ T cell responses. Besides the specialization of some conventional DC subsets for the induction of polarized immunity, also the maturation stage, activation of specialized transcription factors and the cytokine production of DCs have major impact on CD4⁺ T cells. Since in vitro generated BM-DCs show a high diversity to shape CD4⁺ T cells and their high similarity to monocyte-derived DCs in vivo, this review reports data mainly on BM-DCs in this process and only touches the roles of transcription factors or of DC subsets, which have been discussed elsewhere. Here, recent findings on 1) the conversion of naive into anergic and further into Foxp3^- regulatory T cells (Treg) by immature DCs, 2) the role of RelB in steady state migratory DCs (ssmDCs) for conversion of naive T cells into Foxp3⁺ Treg, 3) the DC maturation signature for polarized Th2 cell induction and 4) the DC source of IL-12 for Th1 induction are discussed.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2003.07d
• /
• pp.2121-2123
• /
• 2003

Distributed Control Systems(DCS) arc used in a wide range of process applications such as power plants. This paper presents calculated network capacity of a DCS that developed for nuclear power plant. The network hierarchies are 3 layed of information network, control network and field network. The assumed total node number of maximum DCS network is 64. Worst case network utilization of the DCS is simulated and analyzed.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 1999.07b
• /
• pp.883-886
• /
• 1999

Recently, with the development of computer technology, field instrument and control system using in industrial fields have changed from mechanical, electrical systems to digital electronic systems. Distributed control system(DCS), control functions are dispersed for grading up reliability and informations are combined fur effective management has been developed and sold. As this system has been enlarged and complicated, it is difficult to testing the system and very important to verifing functions systematically. In this report, function test procedure which is performed spontaneously by domestic or foreign DCS manufacturer was searched and analyzed. As its results, the test procedure of DCS functions were proposed. The proposed procedure was applied to DCS being used for a thermal power plant. The function test for DCS requires continuous and dynamic input/output signals, therefore we proposed the method to compose virtual plant which simulate the DCS functions with. And we suggested the test procedure of each DCS function.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to research the effects of dual-hemisphere transcranial direct current stimulation (dual tDCS) and modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) to improve upper extremity motor function after stroke. Methods : The study period was from August 2019 to November 2019, and included 24 patients who met the selection criteria. Participants were divided into 2 groups: dual tDCS and mCIMT, and sham dual tDCS and mCIMT group. Dual tDCS and mCIMT group performed mCIMT immediately after applying dual tDCS for 20 minutes, and sham dual tDCS and mCIMT group performed mCIMT immediately after applying sham tDCS for 20 minutes without turning on the power source. Total interventions were conducted 5 times per week for 4 weeks, and mCIMT was conducted for 30 minutes per session for both experimental and control groups. Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) and Motor Activity Log scale (MAL) were analyzed before and after 4 weeks of intervention. Results : Both experimental and control groups showed significant changes in FMA, Amount of Use (AOU), and Quality of Movement (QOM) of MAL. When the differences between groups was compared using ANCOVA, the experimental group showed a greater improvement in FMA and AOU of MAL than the control group. Conclusion : In order to enhance the effect of improving upper limb function of stroke patients, dual tDCS could be applied to provide more effective treatment in the clinical setting. Further studies will be needed in larger groups of stroke patients, including long-term follow-up, and multi-group comparisons through the establishment of anodal tDCS and mCIMT, cathodal tDCS, and mCIMT groups to clarify the effects of dual tDCS. In addition, research is needed to establish a protocol for tDCS, and this evidence-based intervention protocol is expected to be used in the clinical setting as an interventional method for various purposes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.61 no.2
• /
• pp.14.1-14.7
• /
• 2021

Biosilica is a silica-based substance derived from the cell walls (frustules) of diatoms. Recently, research into biosilica's biological functions is underway, but little has been reported on the effects of biosilica on immune cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of ionized biosilica water (iBW) on dendritic cells (DCs), which play crucial roles as antigen (Ag)-presenting cells. Treatment with iBW increased the expression of immune response-related markers, closely connected to the maturation of DCs, and the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In addition, iBW-treated DCs (iBW-DCs) had a lower uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran than that of control DCs. Mixed leukocyte response analysis used for measuring the Ag-presenting capability of DCs, showed iBW-DCs had a higher capability than that of control DCs. Interestingly, DCs treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and iBW had a lower level of Ag-presenting capability than that of LPS-treated DCs. Taken together, the results indicate that iBW alone can mature DCs, but it decreases the Ag-presenting capability of DCs in the presence of LPS, a representative agent of inflammation. This study may provide valuable information regarding the effect of iBW on immune cells. Further research is needed to investigate how iBW induces the observed biphasic immunomodulatory activity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.445-452
• /
• 2015

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers a low-intensity direct current to the cortical areas, thereby facilitating or inhibiting spontaneous neuronal activity. This study was designed to examine the changes in various sensory functions after tDCS. A single-center, single-blinded, randomized trial was conducted to determine the effect of a single session (August 4 to August 29) of tDCS with the current perception threshold (CPT) in 50 healthy volunteers. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) were performed in relation to the median sensory and motor nerves on the dominant hand to discriminate peripheral nerve lesions. The subjects received anodal tDCS with 1mA for 15 minutes under two different conditions, with 25 subjects in each group. The conditions were as follows: tDCS on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and sham tDCS on DLPFC. The parameters of the CPT was recorded with a Neurometer$^{(R)}$ at frequencies of 2000, 250 and 5 Hz in the dominant index finger to assess the tactile sense, fast pain and slow pain, respectively. In the test to measure the CPT values of the DLPFC in the anodal tDCS group, the values increased significantly in all of 250 and 5 Hz. All CPT values decreased for the sham tDCS. These results showed that DLPFC anodal tDCS can modulate the sensory perception and pain thresholds in healthy adult volunteers. This study suggests that tDCS may be a useful strategy for treating central neurogenic pain in rehabilitation medicine.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.199-203
• /
• 2006

Background: Eckol purified from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga has been known to have cytoprotective effects on some cell lines against oxidants and ionizing radiation. However, there is no study about the effects of eckol on immune cells. Methods: Bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were used to demonstrate the immunomodulatory effects of eckol on DCs, such as viability, the expression of surface markers, allogeneic stimulating capacity using MTI, flow cytometric, $^3H$-thymidine incorporation assay. Results: Eckol did protect DCs against cytokine withdrawal-induced apoptosis in a concentration dependent manner based on MTT assay. And also, it increased the expression of MHC class II and CD86 (B7.2) molecules, maturation markers, on the surface of viable DCs gated in FACS analysis. Furthermore, eckol-treated DCs stimulated the proliferation of allogeneic $CD4^+$ T lymphocytes compared to imDCs in $^3H$-thymidine incorporation assay. $CD4^+$ T lymphocytes activated with eckol-treated DCs produced the larger amount of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-4 than those cells with imDCs. Conclusion: Taken together, we demonstrate in this study that eckol, a pure compound of Ecklonia cava, may modulate the immune responses through the phenotypic and functional changes of DCs.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.49-53
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether dual-hemisphere transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could induce more cortical activity, compared to single-hemisphere, using functional MRI (fMRI). Methods: One right-handed healthy subject was recruited. Three phases of dual-hemisphere tDCS (i.e. anodal tDCS over the left-dominant primary sensoriomotor cortex (SM1) and cathodal tDCS over the right-non dominant SM(1) were consecutively delivered on to a subject, during fMRI scanning. The voxel count and the intensity index in the averaged cortical map were analyzed among the three tDCS phases. Results: Our result showed that cortical activation was observed on all the three phases of the dual-hemisphere tDCS. Voxel count and intensity index were as following; 912 and 4.07 in the first phase, 1102 and 3.90 in the second phase, 1031 and 3.80 in the third phase. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that application of the dual-hemisphere tDCS could induce cortical activity and maintain to recruit cortical neurons. Our findings suggested that application of dual-hemisphere tDCS could produce efficiency of the ongoing tDCS effect to facilitate cortical excitability.