• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.144-152
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• 2010

This study was conducted to analyze the growth characteristics and aboveground carbon storage for old growth Zelkova serrata artificial forests (site1: age class IX, site2: age class VIII) in Gwangneung Experimental Forest. The trees were classified by crown classes for analyzing forest stand structure. The growth characteristics were analized through ringwidth increment by crown classes and stem analysis of dominant trees. There were a wide range of DBH (site1: 8~62 cm, site2: 14~40 cm) and height (site1: 8~26 m, site2: 12~26 m) distributions and revealed different growth characteristics by crown classes in both sites. The mean annual increment (MAI) of ringwidth for the last 5 years of dominant trees for site1 (3.3 mm) was higher than MAI of ringwidth of total growth period (2.3 mm) and MAI of ringwidth for the last 5 years of dominant trees for site2 (2.2 mm) was equal to MAI of ringwidth of total growth period (2.2 mm). Also, the growth increment of ringwidth by crown classes had significant differences between dominant tree and the others crown classes (p<0.01) in both sites. As a results of stem analysis of dominant trees in both sites, there were similar to their volume between site1 (1.106 $m^3$) and site2 (1.035 $m^3$). In spite of old age, the annual increment of volume has been increasing steadily until recent year. Meanwhile, total aboveground carbon storage of site1 (65.6 Mg C $ha^{-1}$) was higher than that of site2 (56.1 Mg C $ha^{-1}$). The proportion of dominant and co-dominant trees to total aboveground carbon storage was more than 90% and the greatest individual aboveground carbon storage by crown classes was dominant tree in all both sites. However, individual aboveground carbon storage of dominant tree in site1 had 0.054 Mg C $tree^{-1}$ more than site2 owing to the differences from average DBH of dominant trees by sites. We think that these results will contribute to the forest practice for Zelkova serrata artificial forests as a basic information.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.477-483
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• 2020

We constructed a stand yield table for Chamaecyparis obtusa based on data from an actual forest. The previous stand yield table had a number of disadvantages because it was based on actual forest information. In the present study we used data from more than 200 sampling plots in a stand of Chamaecyparis obtusa. The analysis included theestimation, recovery and prediction of the distribution of values for diameter at breast height (DBH), and the result is a valuable process for the preparation ofstand yield tables. The DBH distribution model uses a Weibull function, and the site index (base age: 30 years), the standard for assessing forest productivity, was derived using the Chapman-Richards formula. Several estimation formulas for the preparation of the stand yield table were considered for the fitness index, and the optimal formula was chosen. The analysis shows that the site index is in the range of 10 to 18 in the Chamaecyparis obtusa stand. The estimated stand volume of each sample plot was found to have an accuracy of 62%. According to the residuals analysis, the stands showed even distribution around zero, which indicates that the results are useful in the field. Comparing the table constructed in this study to the existing stand yield table, we found that our table yielded comparatively higher values for growth. This is probably because the existing analysis data used a small amount of research data that did not properly reflect. We hope that the stand yield table of Chamaecyparis obtusa, a representative species of southern regions, will be widely used for forest management. As these forests stabilize and growth progresses, we plan to construct an additional yield table applicable to the production of developed stands.

• Plant Resources
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.214-223
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to understand the conservation of gene resources and provide information for mass selection' of winter bud characters among the selected populations of Kalopanax septemlobus Koidz using analysis of variance(ANOVA) tests. The obtained results are shown below; 1. Ten populations of K. septemlobus were selected for the study of the variation of winter bud characters in Korea. The results of the analysis of variance(ANOVA) tests shows that there were statistically significant differences in all of the winter bud characters among those populations. 2. Correlation analysis shows that width between Height and DBH(Diameter at breast height) characters have negative relationship with all of the characters, as ABL(Apical branch length), ABW(Apical branch width), AWBL(Apical branch winter bud length), AWBW(Apical branch winter bud width), ABT(Apical branch No. of thorns), ABLB(Apical branch No. of lateral bud) and LBL(Lateral branch length), LBW(Lateral branch width), LBT(Lateral branch No. of thorns), LBLB(Lateral branch No. of lateral bud). 3. The result of principal component analysis(PCA) for winter buds showed that the first principal components(PC' s) to the fourth principal component explains about 78% of the total variation. The first principal component(PC) was correlated with AWBW, LWBW, and LBL and the ratio of ABL/ABW and LBL/LBW out of 16 winter bud characters. The second principal component correlated with ABL, ABW, ABLB, LWBL(Lateral branch winter bud length), and LBW and the ratio of AWBL/AWBW. The third principal component correlated with ABL, ABW, LWBL, LBL, and the ratio of LBL/LBW. The fourth principal component correlated with LBL and the ratio of LWBL/LWBW(Lateral branch winter bud width), LBL/LBW. Therefore, these characters were important to analysis of the variation for winter bud characters among selected populations of K. septemlobus in Korea. 4. Cluster analysis using the average linkage method based on 10 selected populations for the 16 winter bud characters of K. septemlobus in Korea showed a clustering into two groups by level of distance 1.1(Fig. 3). As can be seen in Fig. 3, Group I consisted of three areas(Mt. Sori, Mt. Balwang and Mt. Worak) and Group Ⅱ contisted of seven areas(Suwon, Mt. Chuwang, Mt. Kyeryong, Mt. Kaji, Mt. Jiri, Muan, and Mt. Halla). The result of cluster analysis for winter bud characters corresponded well with principal component analysis, as is shown in Fig. 2.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.513-531
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• 2018

This study compared forest vegetation in Chungcheongnam-do Provincial Park (Deogsan, Chilgabsan, and Daedunsan) from 2006 to 2016. The results of the analysis on the vegetation of the research sites by the phytosociological method showed that the Deogsan Provincial Park had Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Q. variabilis community, and Zelkova serrata community. Chilgabsan Provincial Park had Q. variabilis community, Q. mongolica community, P. densiflora community, and Carpinus laxiflora community. Daedunsan Provincial Park had Q. mongolica community, Q. variabilis community, Q. serrata community, C. tschonoskii community, C. laxiflora community, P. densiflora community, and Q. acutissima community. The importance value in each Provincial Parks was analyzed as follows. The importance value of Q. mongolica(72.35) was the highest in Deogsan Provincial Park, and followed by P. densiflora(70.25), Q. variabilis(53.11), Styrax japonicus(11.44), Prunus sargentii(11.17), and Fraxinus rhynchophylla(10.41). Q. variabilis(73.34) was the highest in Chilgabsan Provincial Park and followed by, P. densiflora(58.71), Q. mongolica(57.02), C. laxiflora(18.84), Q. serrata(13.48), and Prunus sargentii(13.31). The importance value of Q. mongolica(57.03) was the highest in Daedunsan Provincial Park and followed by Q. variabilis(31.98), Q. serrata(31.53), P. densiflora(16.80), C. tschonoskii(16.50), C. laxiflora(16.07), S. obassia(15.76), and Acer pseudosieboldianum(10.09). The results of DBH analysis of the major species having the high importance value showed the normal density distirbution of Q. mongolica, and Q. variabilis in Deogsan Provincial Park, so the dominance status of these species is likely to continue. Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica, and P. densiflora in Chilgabsan Provincial Park showed the normal density distribution showed the density of normal distribution, so the dominance status of these species is likely to continue. However, the dominance status of C. laxiflora, and Q. serrata is likely to be expanded in the future due to the high density of young individuals. Q. mongolica, and Q. variabilis in Daedunsan Provincial Park showed the density of reverse J-shaped curve, so the dominance status of these species is likely to continue, and C. tschonoskii, and P. densiflora had a formality distribution, suggesting continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. Additionally the dominance status of C. laxiflora, and Q. serrata is considered to be expanded in the future due to the high density level of young individuals.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

This study was designed to come up with a way of managing a cultural landscape forest by conducting research on the vegetation structure and growth characteristics. This study's target site, which was 45,201㎡ in size, was Pinus densiflora forest for Sugumagi placed at the entrance of Unmun Temple, Sinwon-ri, Unmun-myeon, and Cheongdo-gun in the southernmost part of Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Sugumagi means the water of the valley flows far away, and where no downstream is visible according to feng shui. The historical sources of the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest at the entrance of Unmun Temple isn't clear. It waw only found at that location. The Pinus densiflora forest at the entrance of Unmun Temple is located in the waterway in terms of Feng Shui. The present condition of growth was investigated through a grid surveys of 98 trees and Pinus densiflora growth. As a result of the analysis of growth status, Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis, Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, and Rhus javanica were distributed in the conopy layer, and 28 species including Ailanthus altissima were grown in the understroy layer, and 92 species, including Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, in the shrub layer. The plant community structure was divided into low, medium and high-density Pinus densiflora forests in the study area, based on the number in the conopy layer and the grade of and the trees analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the Pinus densiflora dominated the low, medium and high-density Pinus densiflora forests, and there were no competitive species. The relative dominance of the low-density Pinus densiflora forests was 46.9% on average, medium-density was 62.6% and 50.2% was found in high-density. The mean species diversity of Shannon in the low-density study was 0.7055, medium-density study was 0.8966 and the average species diversity of Shannon in the high-density study was 0.8317. The analysis of the age and growth of 25 sample trees in the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest shows that the distribution of the chest diameter (DBH) of the sample Pinus densiflora is 38 to 77cm with the average chest diameter being 61.1cm. The age was 84-161 years and the average was 114 years. In the Pinus densiflora forest, most(670,659, or 98.3%) of the tree trunk wound was collected for rosins during the Japanese colonia Era, Of the total 670, 659 were Pinus densiflora, 98.3% of the total. 394 were surgically repaired in 2005. For the preservation of the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest, dead trees should be replaced with substitute trees appropriate to the middle and south topography. It is demanded that foreign species such as Larix leptolepis in the research area should be removed and Pinus densiflora that underwent surgical operations should be regularly sterilized. It is also emphasized that the management of insecticide is important.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.61-80
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• 1997

This study tried to propose the guidelines for the ecological preservation zoning in Korea. So some related laws and regulations were inspected, which were Natural Environment Preservation Act, Nature Park Act, Cultural Asset Conservation Act, Forest Act and Urban Planning Act. In these acts, I could find several concepts related to the ecosystem that are described as the protection area. But there aren't detailed and practical characteristics in those concepts. So for making the practical concept of ecosystem preservation, I considered Multiple Use Module, Wildlife habitat model, and Environmental evaluation model. Thorough this step, the process and methodology was established for evaluating and analysing. The potentiality of the GIS system was inspected. So the TM5 scene of the site was acquired and processed by ER-Mapper, Idrisi, Arc/Info and Arcview. And several digitized data were input by scanning and vecterizing. The Erdas format was mostly exchangeable to any program. The site is the Byonsan Peninsula National Park. The forest stand information and topographic data were digitized, types of which are forest year, DBH, density, slope, aspect etc. And also the watershed boundary, roads and paths, natural and cultural resources were mapped and analysed. Modelling of preservation suitability found the dispersed patterns for the best suitable zone through all the site. And the development potential areas were checked on downwatershed. This patterns are thought to result from the forest location for the wildlife habitat and the low altitude and no-steep slopes for developing. And Early warning system concept was introduced by overlapping these two patterns on the both potential area. As the conclusions, I proposed that the preservation zone be assigned according to the watershed unit as the main ecosystem zone. This main area should be linked by the eco-corridor through the point type eco-system. Finally, I thought the comprehensive information system should be established for making the rational and efficient decision making in natural area.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.196-196
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• 2011

산림연료 특성별 산불피해도 분석을 위하여 산불피해의 조사지역은 2009년, 2010년 산불이 발생했던 강원도 고성지역과 양양지역, 강릉지역과 삼척지역을 조사 대상지역으로 선정하였으며, 고성군의 경우 숲구조가 유령림인 활엽수림이 2개소, 칩엽수림 1개소, 장령림인 활엽수림 2개소로 총 5개소, 양양군은 숲구조가 유령림인 침엽수림이 1개소, 장령림 침엽수림 2개소 총 3개소, 삼척시의 경우는 숲구조가 유령림인 침엽수림이 1개소 외 대조구 장령림 침엽수림 1개소, 강릉시의 경우 숲구조가 장령림인 침엽수림이 3개소 총 13개소를 각각 대상지로 선정하였다. 산림연료 특성별 산불피해도를 조사하기 위한 조사지 규모는 $10m{\times}10m$로 하였으며, 현장 조사 항목은 조사지내의 산불피해 상태, 조사지 지형특성으로 나누어 조사를 실시하였다. 산불피해 상태는 산불진행방향, DBH, 총수고, 지하고, 고사여부, 편면연소, 밀도, 수간피해율, 수관피해율 등을 조사하였고, 조사지의 지형특성을 알아보기 위해 조사지의 위치(GPS), 해발고도, 사면방위, 산지경사, 지형을 조사하였다. 현장조사를 위한 조사장비로는 조사지의 지형도, 야장, 디지털 카메라, GPS, 수고측정기, 직경테이프, 캘리퍼, 50m 줄자 2개, 2m 폴대, 클리노메타, 바인더끈 등을 사용하였다. 산불사례 현장조사를 통해 임목고사여부, 편면연소, 수간피해율, 수관피해율 등의 산불피해 특성을 분석한 결과 연료의 특성별 유령림과 장령림의 편면연소율은 유령림은 97.3%, 장령림은 16.5%로 유령림의 편면연소율이 장령림보다 80.8% 더 피해를 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 수관피해율은 유령림은 95.4%, 장령림은 19.9%로 유령림의 수관피해율이 장령림보다 75.5%더 피해를 입은 것으로 조사 되었다. 또한 임목고사율은 유령림은 73.8%, 장령림은 24.5%로 유령림의 임목고사율이 장령림보다 49.3% 더 피해를 받는 것으로 분석 되었다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 1995

To investigate the plant community structure in Pinus densiflora forest of Chuwangsan National Park, twenty five plots were set up and surveryed. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area. The plant community were divided into five groups in twenty five plots by DCA and the dividing groups were Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community(I), P. densiflora-Q. serrata community(II), P. densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana community(III), P. densiflora-F. sieboldiana-Q. spp. community(IV) and P. densiflora-mixed deciduous forest community(V). The successional trends of tree species by DCA ordination techniques and DBH class distribution analysis seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to Carpinus laxiflora in the canopy layer group. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Lespedeza maximowiczii, L. cytobotrya, Rhododendron mucronulatumlongrightarrowStyrax obassia, Stephandra insisa, Zanthoxylum schinifolimlongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba. There was no difference between the stand scores of DCA and soil pH, and soil moisture.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.33-45
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• 1987

The Seonjeong royal tomb is one of many historic sites in and around Seoul city and its natural environment and landscape have born damaged seriously by heavy use. So conservation planning with an estimation of reasonable carrying capacity shall be required In aspect of not only historic site conservation, but also urban forest and nature park management. Eight sites were sampled with clumped sampling method during July of 1986 and five quadrats were examined in each site. Environmental factors, actual vegetation, and environmental impact grade were investigated in field and vegetational structure was analyzed by estimation of importance value, species diversity, similarity index, DBH class distribution, etc. The result of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. Damage on soil and vegetation of middle and lower layer increased according to amount of users'impact. 2. Semi - natural vegetation covered 63% of the total area(22.2 ha) and its major species were Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Q mongolica, Sorbus alnifolia, etc. Pinus densiflora was a dominant species in heavy impact area. 3. Environmental impact grade 3, 4 and 5 area covered 51% of the seminatural vegetation, Especially, the area of impact grade 4 and 5 should be restored because self-refair seemed to be impossible. 4. The semi-natural vegetation was classified with four plant communities; two P.densiflora comm., Q. mongolica-P. densiflora comm. and Q. aliena comm. One of the P. densifolra comm. was destroyed seriously with no younger trees in middle and lower layer by overuse impact and would be bareland soon. But Q. aliena comm.in light impact area showed just completion of plant succession from P. densiflora comm.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.304-312
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• 2018

This study investigates to identify the impact factors of timber production cost on the relationship between production cost components and revenues generated by evaluating the entire timber supply chain. In this research, selected 13 logging zones as target areas and classified 14 forest production cost factors, six groups. Additionally, established 13 externalenvironmental factors with related stakeholders and forestry experts. And the BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) method was then used to analyze the economics of each zone. Filled up a checklist and rated using 5 point scale for each target region, and extracted major cost factors for the production economy of the item. The analysis of major cost factors in the timber production revealed that wood grab equipment usage fee was the first ranked and forest trees purchase cost was ranked in the $2^{nd}$Also, the $3^{rd}$ranking was logging expenses, and transport cost, which accounted for 84% of the total cost, was ranked in the $4^{th}$. In addition, the rock land ratio, slope, timber payment (forest trees purchase cost), special timber, ratio of timber, DBH (Diameter at Breast Height), and mixed forest ratio were the factors that most affected the timber supply chain cost.