• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: The current study investigates pitch coding using frequency following response (FFR) among vocalists, violinists, and non-musicians for Indian Carnatic transition music stimuli and assesses whether their listening biographies strengthen their F0 neural encoding for these stimuli. Subjects and Methods: Three participant groups in the age range of 18-45 years were included in the study. The first group of participants consisted of 20 trained Carnatic vocalists, the second group consisted of 13 trained violinists, and the third group consisted of 22 non-musicians. The stimuli consisted of three Indian Carnatic raga notes (/S-R2-G3/), which was sung by a trained vocalist and played by a trained violinist. For the purposes of this study, the two transitions between the notes T1=/S-R2/ and T2=/R2-G3/ were analyzed, and FFRs were recorded binaurally at 80 dB SPL using neuroscan equipment. Results: Overall average responses of the participants were generated. To assess the participants' pitch tracking to the Carnatic music stimuli, stimulus to response correlation (CC), pitch strength (PS), and pitch error (PE) were measured. Results revealed that both the vocalists and violinists had better CC and PS values with lower PE values, as compared to non-musicians, for both vocal and violin T1 and T2 transition stimuli. Between the musician groups, the vocalists were found to perform superiorly to the violinists for both vocal and violin T1 and T2 transition stimuli. Conclusions: Listening biographies strengthened F0 neural coding, with respect to the vocalists for vocal stimulus at the brainstem level. The violinists, on the other hand, did not show such preference.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: The current study investigates pitch coding using frequency following response (FFR) among vocalists, violinists, and non-musicians for Indian Carnatic transition music stimuli and assesses whether their listening biographies strengthen their F0 neural encoding for these stimuli. Subjects and Methods: Three participant groups in the age range of 18-45 years were included in the study. The first group of participants consisted of 20 trained Carnatic vocalists, the second group consisted of 13 trained violinists, and the third group consisted of 22 non-musicians. The stimuli consisted of three Indian Carnatic raga notes (/S-R2-G3/), which was sung by a trained vocalist and played by a trained violinist. For the purposes of this study, the two transitions between the notes T1=/S-R2/ and T2=/R2-G3/ were analyzed, and FFRs were recorded binaurally at 80 dB SPL using neuroscan equipment. Results: Overall average responses of the participants were generated. To assess the participants' pitch tracking to the Carnatic music stimuli, stimulus to response correlation (CC), pitch strength (PS), and pitch error (PE) were measured. Results revealed that both the vocalists and violinists had better CC and PS values with lower PE values, as compared to non-musicians, for both vocal and violin T1 and T2 transition stimuli. Between the musician groups, the vocalists were found to perform superiorly to the violinists for both vocal and violin T1 and T2 transition stimuli. Conclusions: Listening biographies strengthened F0 neural coding, with respect to the vocalists for vocal stimulus at the brainstem level. The violinists, on the other hand, did not show such preference.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1143-1149
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine whether mango saponin (MS) could be used as a feed additive in broiler chicks by evaluating growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and plasma biochemical indices. Methods: A total of 216 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments supplemented with 0 (control), 0.14% (MS 0.14%), or 0.28% (MS 0.28%) MS. Each treatment had six replicates (cages) with 12 chicks each. The feeding trial lasted for six weeks. Results: Compared with the control, dietary supplemented with 0.14% or 0.28% MS increased average daily weight gain of chicks in the grower (22 to 42 d) and the whole (1 to 42 d) phases, and the final body weight of chicks on d 42 was higher in MS supplemented groups (p<0.05). Lower $L_{45min}{^{\star}}$ (lightness) and $L_{24h}{^{\star}}$ values, lower $b_{24h}{^{\star}}$ (yellowness) value, and higher $a_{45min}{^{\star}}$ (redness) and $a_{24h}{^{\star}}$ values of the breast muscle were observed in chicks fed with 0.28% MS on d 42 (p<0.05). The total antioxidant capacity in plasma increased in MS 0.14% group on d 21 (p<0.001). Lower contents of plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride were observed in chicks fed with 0.28% MS on d 21 and d 42, whereas the group supplemented with 0.14% MS only decreased plasma triglyceride content on d 21 (p<0.05). The glucose content in plasma decreased in MS 0.28% group on d 42 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Overall, MS could be used as a feed additive in broiler chicks, and the supplemental level of 0.28% MS in diet could improve growth performance, meat quality, and plasma lipid metabolism in broiler chicks.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 2015

The crystal structure of the potential active 2-amino-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7, 9-dimethyl-5-oxo-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrahydropyrano [2, 3-d] pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyridine-3-carbonitrile ($C_{21}H_{22}N_5O_6S$) has been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. In the title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P-1 with unit cell dimension a=8.1201(9)${\AA}$, b=12.2684(4)${\AA}$ and c=12.387(2)${\AA}$ [${\alpha}=69.573^{\circ}$, ${\beta}=12.168^{\circ}$ and ${\gamma}=76.060^{\circ}$]. In the structure the pyrazole, pyridine and pyran are almost coplanar each other. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular C-H...O and N-H... O hydrogen bond interaction.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of hormones (progesterone, and combination of progesterone and estradiol) on the reproductive performance of dairy cattle. The intravaginal CIDR was inserted in the vagina of cow on day 14 post-insemination to stimulate progesterone secretion with and without estradiol. The CIDR was removed on the day of next expected estrus. The cows for control group were not treated with CIDR or hormones. Conception rate, estrus interval, estrus intensity and serum progesterone were measured. Conception rates in control, CIDR without estradiol and CIDR treated cows were 15.4, 38.9 and 60%, respectively. Estrus interval in cows treated with CIDR was 26.5 days compared with 37.1 and 48.5 days in control and CIDR without estradiol treated cows. Estrus signs were more intense in cows treated with CIDR compared with control and CIDR without estradiol treated cows. Pregnant cows treated with CIDR showed higher serum progesterone concentration than pregnant and non-pregnant cows in control group. Particularly, serum progesterone was significantly higher in CIDR treated pregnant cows compared to non-pregnant cows at days 1, 2 and 6 of gestation. It may be concluded from present results that CIDR treatment is better than CIDR without estradiol to improve conception rate in dairy cattle.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.232-238
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• 1987

The molecular structure of naproxen determined by X-ray diffraction technique was refine to the final R-value geing 0.042. The compound was recrystallized from ethanol solution in monoclinic crystal system, space group $P2_1$ , with Z = 2, a = 13.375(5) $\AA$, b = 5.793(2) $\AA$, c = 7.914 $\AA$, $\beta$=93.91(3)$\AA$ and $d_{obs}$ = 1.26, $d_{calc}$ = 1.25 g/cm$^{3}$. The structure was solved by direct method and refined by block diagonal least squares procedure for 747 relfections (F .leq. 6.sigma.(F)). The molecules are connected by two intermolecular OH--O type hydrogen bonds.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2007

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary botanicals (herbs and plant extracts) on the performance, nutrient metabolizability, small intestinal microflora, IgG level and blood parameters in broiler chickens. In Exp. 1, 1,000 (500 each sex) broiler chicks($Ross^{(R)}$) were divided into 20 groups of 50 chickens each(25 birds each sex). Four groups were assigned to each of five dietary treatments:control and diets containing antibiotics($Avillamix^{(R)}$, avillamycin-premix), Herb M(Herb $mix^{(R)}$), Plant extract B(BIOSTRONG $510^{(R)}$) and Plant extract A($APEX^{(R)}$). In Exp. 2, 240(120 each sex) broiler chicks($Ross^{(R)}$) were devided into six treatment groups:control and diets containing antibiotics($Avillamix^{(R)}$, avillamycin-premix), Plant extract D($Digestarom^{(R)}$), Plant extract P($Phellozyme^{(R)}$), Plant extract G($Galicin^{(R)}$) and Plant extract C(CRINA $POULTRY^{(R)}$). Each treatment consisted of four replicates of 10 birds each. In both experiments, birds had free access to diets and water for 5 wk on floor pens(Exp. 1) and cages(Exp. 2). In Exp.1, production index of groups fed diets supplemented with herbs and plant extracts was slightly higher than the control and those fed Herb M was highest. In Exp. 2, groups fed diets supplemented with herbs and plant extracts consumed more feed than the control during the period between 4 and 5 wk(P<0.05). Feed conversion(feed/gain) was lower in antibiotics group than other groups. The values of RBC, Hb and HCT were higher(P<0.05) in chicken fed diets supplemented with the additives than in the control in Exp. 1. BA value was lower(P<0.05) in groups fed diets supplemented with the additives than in the control in Exp. 2. Serum IgG were higher(P<0.05) in groups fed diets supplemented with the additives than in the control in both experiments. The cfu of intestinal microflora and metabolizability of nutrients were not significantly different among treatments in both experiments. It was concluded that the botanical supplements can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in broiler diets.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.436-441
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• 2009

Semi flexible polyesters containing aromatic rings and pentamethylene groups in the main chain were synthesized by direct polycondensation reaction. The structures of these polymers were investigated by $^1H$-NMR and FT-IR and the phase transition behavior was characterized with DSC, TGA and crossed polarizing microscope. Inherent viscosities ($\eta_{inh}$) of polymers measured in phenol/p-chlorophenol/1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane were between 0.46 and 1.30 dL/g. As increasing the linearlity of rigid moieties in polyster, melting transition temperatures ($T_m$) increased and solubilities in organic solvents decreased. P-H, P-mH and P-4H of the polymers formed turbid melts that showed stir-opalescence and nematic phase at the broad anisotropic region, However, P-R, P-C and P-2B did not exhibit any textures related to the liquid crystallinity.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.22-22
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• 2001

To produce reconstituted rabbit embryos with fetal fibroblasts, the present study was evaluated the efficiencies of the different fusion and activation conditions as assessments of subsequent development and chromosome in the embryos. New Zealand White rabbits were used throughout the study. Fetal fibroblasts collected from 22-d of fetuses were cultured in DMEM ＋ 10% FBS in 5% $CO_2$ in air. The culture was maintained for 10 passages. In every passage half of cell suspension were kept In frozen. From rabbits treated with FSH in 30% PVP solution and hCG, oocytes were surgically collected from oviducts at 14 h post-hCG injection and stripped off their cumulus cells by re-pipetting in a 300 IU hyaluronidase solution. Oocytes with an extruded first polar body and dense cytoplasm were enucleated by micromanipulation in Ham's F-10 medium＋7.5 g/$m\ell$ cytochalasin B. Euncleation was confirmed under a fluorescence microscope after staining with 5 g/$m\ell$ bisbenzimide for 2 min. Each enucleated oocyte was injected with a fetal fibroblast into a perivitelline space. Reconstructed eggs were compared fusion rates either at 2.0 ㎸/cm or 1.6 ㎸/cm(60 sec, double pulses). After fusion, all eggs were activated with the combination of 5 M ionomycin (5 min) and 10 g/$m\ell$ cycloheximide (CHX, 3h), and cultured in CRlaa medium and transferred into TCM199＋10% FBS on day 3. Although there was not significantly differ in fusion rate between treatments (60%, 2.0 ㎸/cm vs. 79.4%, 1.6 ㎸/cm), none of them in the eggs fused with 2.0 ㎸/cm developed to blastocyst. In comparison of development and chromosome status between different activation treatments (Group 1; 5 M ionomycin/10 g/$m\ell$ CHX, Group 2; 5 M ionomycin/5 g/$m\ell$ CHX ＋ 2 mM DMAP after fusion with 1.6 ㎸/cm), there were not differ in cleavage and development rates (67.3% and 28.9% in Group 1; 67% and 33% in Group 2). All out of 8 embryos evaluated in Group 1 appeared a normal diploid chromosome sets and mean number of cells (Mean SEM) on day 4.5 of culture was 141.5 23.15 (n=8). It can be concluded that the use of cycloheximide has not happened in chromosome abnormalities, and fetal fibroblasts can be used for cloning in rabbit.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.149-159
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• 2015

This study was designed to know the possibility in repeat uses of elite donor cows for getting mass production of OPU-derived embryo production (OPU-IVP). Ultrasound transvaginal ovum pick-up (OPU) performed in 6 Korean native cows was aged 4 to 10 years old. The aspiration of immature oocytes for OPU derived embryo was carried out 2 times per week, and OPU-IVP of $1^{st}$ period was carried out 22~48 sessions from each donors. And the break time for OPU-IVP of $2^{nd}$ period after $1^{st}$ OPU from each donors were 2~25 months. The OPU-IVP of $2^{nd}$ period each donors conducted total 15~65 times for 2~8 months by an ultrasonographic, was guided follicular aspiration system. The average numbers of collected oocytes, grade 1 + grade 2(G1+G2) oocytes and cleavage embryo from $1^{st}$ period OPU-IVP were significantly differences between donors (p<0.05). Total collected oocytes of donor D were significantly higher compared with donors of A, B, C, E and F (average 17.0 per session vs. 11.2, 10.1, 8.5, 10.2 and 9.6; p<0.05) and also oocytes of G1+G2 were significantly higher compared with r A and D and subsequently to donors of B, C, E and F (average 7.9 and 8.5 per session vs. 5.0, 2.7, 6.0 and 1.6; p<0.05). Cleavage rate of donor D was significantly higher compared with donors of A, B, C, E and F (average 13.1 per session vs. 10.1, 9.1, 6.9, 8.9 and 6.7; p<0.05). The average numbers of OPU-IVP for $1^{st}$ period was significantly higher from donors of B, D and E than those from donors of A, C and F (average 6.5, 7.1 and 6.5 per session vs. 3.5, 4.2 and 2.8; p<0.05). The possibility investigation of $2^{nd}$ OPU-IVP was carried out after 2~25 months rest periods from $1^{st}$ period OPU session. Total average numbers of collected oocytes, cleavages and blastocyst development rates were significantly higher from $1^{st}$ period OPU compared with $2^{nd}$ period one (p<0.05). The OPU-IVP efficiency by break for more embryo production from elite cow was analysis comparing without rest of donor A, under 6 months rest period as B and over 6 months rest period as C and then the average numbers of collected oocytes, cleavages and blastocysts were significantly higher from A group (11.8, 9.5 and 5.2 per session) than those from B and C groups (7.9, 6.2 and 2.6 vs. 9.2, 7.5 and 3.9, p<0.05), and also C group was significantly higher than B group. In conclusion, $1^{st}$ period OPU-IVP was more efficient compared with $2^{nd}$ period repeated uses of donor, and the break times for additional production of embryo on donor were needed more than over 6 months after $1^{st}$ period OPU-IVP. This repeating uses of elite donor cows given more emphasis for getting the opportunity on mass production of elite cow OPU-IVP embryo should be increased G1+G2 possibility of genetic improvement of livestock within short period.