• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.278-286
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• 2018

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate vitamin $D_3$ administration to nursery pigs by injection or in drinking water on serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ($25-OHD_3$) concentrations. Methods: At weaning, 51 pigs (27 and 24 pigs in experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were allotted to vitamin $D_3$ treatments. Treatments in experiment 1 were: i) control (CON), no vitamin administration beyond that in the diet, ii) intramuscular (IM) injection of 40,000 IU of vitamin $D_3$ at weaning, and iii) water administration, 5,493 IU of vitamin $D_3/L$ drinking water for 14 d post-weaning. Treatments in experiment 2 were: i) control (CON), no vitamin administration, and ii) water administration, 92 IU of $d-{\alpha}-tocopherol$ and 5,493 IU of vitamin $D_3/L$ drinking water for 28 d post-weaning. The lightest 2 pigs within each pen were IM injected with an additional 1,000 IU of $d-{\alpha}-tocopherol$, 100,000 IU of retinyl palmitate, and 100,000 IU of vitamin $D_3$. Results: In both experiments, serum $25-OHD_3$ was changed after vitamin $D_3$ administration (p<0.05). In experiment 1, injection and water groups had greater values than CON group through d 35 and 21 post-administration, respectively (p<0.05). In experiment 2, serum values peaked at d 3 post-administration in the injection groups regardless of water treatments (p<0.05) whereas CON and water-only groups had peaks at d 14 and 28 post-administration, respectively (p<0.05). Even though the injection groups had greater serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations than the non-injection groups through d 7 post-administration regardless of water treatments (p<0.05), the water-only group had greater values than the injection-only group from d 21 post-administration onward (p<0.05). Conclusion: Serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations in pigs increased either by vitamin $D_3$ injection or drinking water administration. Although a single vitamin $D_3$ injection enhanced serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations greater than water administration in the initial period post-administration, a continuous supply of vitamin $D_3$ via drinking water could maintain higher serum values than the single injection.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.208-218
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• 2014

Purpose : To evaluate the relationship between the speed of enhancement of hepatic hemangiomas on gadolinium-enhanced MRI and ADC values by using various parameters, including the D, f, $D^*$ and $ADC_{fit}$ on intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MR Imaging. Materials and Methods: The institutional review board approved this retrospective study. A total of 47 hepatic hemangiomas from 39 patients were included (20 men and 19 women). The hemangiomas were classified into three types according to the enhancement speed of the hepatic hemangiomas on gadolinium-enhanced dynamic T1-weighted images: rapid (Type A), intermediate (Type B), and slow (Type C) enhancement. The D, f, $D^*$ and $ADC_{fit}$ values were calculated using IVIM MR imaging. The diffusion/perfusion parameters and ADC values were compared among the three types of hemangiomas. Results: Both the $ADC_{fit}$ and D values of type C were significantly lower than those of type A (P = 0.0022, P = 0.0085). However, for the f and $D^*$, there were no significant differences among the three types. On DWI with all b values (50, 200, 500 and $800sec/mm^2$), the ADC values of type C were significantly lower than those of the type A (P < 0.012). For b values with $800sec/mm^2$, the $ADC_{800}$ values of the type C hemangiomas were significantly lower than those of type B (P = 0.0021). We found a negative correlation between hepatic hemangioma enhancement type and $ADC_{50}$ (${\rho}=-0.357$, P = 0.014), $ADC_{200}$ (${\rho}=-0.537$, P = 0.0001), $ADC_{500}$ (${\rho}=-0.614$, P = 0.0001), and $ADC_{800}$ (${\rho}=-0.607$, P = 0.0001). Therefore, four ADC values of $ADC_{50}$, $ADC_{200}$, $ADC_{500}$, and $ADC_{800}$ were decreased with decreasing enhancement speed. Conclusion: Hepatic hemangiomas had variable ADCs according to the type of enhancement, and the reduced ADCs in slowly enhancing hemangiomas may be related to the reduced pure molecular diffusion (D).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.155-158
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a novel blind watermarking Method using 2D CAT (Two dimensional cellular automata transform). In our scheme, firstly, we obtain the gateway values to generate a dual-state, dual-coefficients basis function. Secondly, the basis function transforms images into cellular automata space. Lastly, we use the cellular automata transform coefficients to embed random noise watermark in the cover images. The proposed scheme allows only one 2D CAT basis function per gateway value. Since there are $2^{96}$ possible gateway values, better security is guaranteed. Moreover, the new method not only verifies higher fidelity than the existing method but also stronger stability on JPEG lossy compression, filtering, sharpening and noise through tests for robustness.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.9 no.3 s.28
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• pp.21-26
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• 2005

The flash points and the fire points are one of the most important combustible properties used to determine the potential for the fire and explosion hazards of flammable substances. In this study, the flash points of aromatic hydrocarbons, were measured by using Pensky-Martens Closed Cup apparatus(ASTM-D93) and Tag Open-Cup apparatus(ASTM D 1310-86). Also the fire points of aromatic hydrocarbons, were measured by using Tag Open-Cup apparatus. The measured flash points were in good agreement with reference values. The measured fire points compared with the estimated values based on 1.23 times stoichiometric concentration. The values calculated by the proposed equation were in agreement with measured values.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 1995

At low concentration a simplified model of organic dye-surfactant system has been used to evaluate. By applying the resultant three parameter equation to the experimental data, values for the equilibrium constants for the ion-pair formation $(K_O)$, surfactant molecule addition to aggregates $(K_S)$ and dye aggregation reactions $(K_D)$ could be calculated and changes of free energy have obtained from its values. $K_O$ and K_S$ values were larger than those expected electrostatic interaction indicatihng a hydrophobic contribution and the $K_D$ values were about 10~20 times higher than those found for association in pure aqueous solutions which can be ascribed to the screening effect of the electrostatic repulsion.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.44.3-45
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• 2016

In this study, we identify 307 the geosynchronous magnetopause crossing (GMC) using geosynchronous satellite observation data from 1996 to 2010 as well as make an observational test of magnetopause location models using the identified events. For this, we consider three models: Petrinec and Russell (1996), Shue et al. (1998), and Lin et al. (2010). To evaluate the models, we estimate a Probability of Detection (PoD) and a Critical Success Index (CSI) as a function of year. To examine the effect of solar cycle phase, we consider three different time periods: (1) ascending phase (1996-1999), (2) maximum phase (2000-2002), and (3) descending phase (2003-2008). Major results from this study are as follows. First, the PoD values of all models range from 0.6 to 1.0 for the most of years. Second, the PoD values of Lin et al. (2010) are noticeably higher than those of the other models. Third, the CSI values of all models range from 0.3 to 0.6 and those of Shue et al. (1998) are slightly higher than those of the other models. Fourth, the predicted magnetopause radius based on Lin et al.(2010) well match the observed one within one earth radius, while that on Shue et al. (1998) overestimate the observed one by about 2 earth radii. Fifth, the PoD and CSI values of all the models are better for the solar maximum phase than those for the other phases, implying that the models are more optimized for the phase.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.104-109
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• 1982

A method to calculate the magnetic moments for $d^1$ and $d^2$ complexes in a strong crystal field of trigonal symmetry has been developed in this work choosing the trigonal axis (Ⅲ) as the quantization axis. The calculated magnetic moments using this method for $d^1$ and $d^2$ complexes in a strong trigonal ligand field fall in the range of the experimental values. The dipolar shifts for $d^1$ and $d^2$ complexes in a strong trigonal ligand field are also calculated using the calculated magnetic susceptibility components. The calculated values of the dipolar shifts also fall in the reasonable range.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.231-241
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• 2020

The current study investigated the effects of timing of NaCl (2%) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP, 0.5%) addition and cooking rates on color and pigment properties of ground chicken breasts. Four treatments were tested as follows: treatment 1, no NaCl and STPP added and stored for 7 d; treatment 2, NaCl+STPP added on 0 d and stored for 7 d; treatment 3, NaCl added on 0 d and STPP added on 7 d; and treatment 4, stored for 7 d and NaCl+STPP added. All samples were cooked at a fast (5.67℃/min) or slow cooking rate (2.16℃/min). Regardless of the timing of NaCl and STPP addition, reflectance ratios of nitrosyl hemochrome, cooking yield, pH values, oxidation-reduction potential, and percent myoglobin denaturation were similar (p>0.05) across treatments 2, 3, and 4. The highest CIE a^⁎ values were observed in treatment 4 (p<0.05), while treatment 2 was effective in reducing the redness in cooked chicken products. The fast cooking rate resulted in lower CIE a^⁎ values and higher CIE L^⁎ values and cooking yield in cooked chicken breasts compared to the slow cooking rate. Our results indicate that adding NaCl and STPP to meat, followed by storing and cooking at a fast rate, may result in inhibiting the pink color defect sporadically occurred in cooked ground chicken breasts.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.275-276
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to assess condylar size in volumetric 3D imaging in patients with class I, class II, class III malocclusions. To evaluate the differences among the three experimental groups, the condylar values of men were analyzed. There was a significant difference in the measured values of height. Among the three experimental groups, the condylar measurements in women showed significant differences in height and width. This study is expected to be used for determining the connection between malocclusion and condyle as a base line data.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2018

The anodic $TiO_2$ layers which are prepared in various anodization conditions exhibit their specific color depending on the thickness of $TiO_2$. In this study, the relationship between the color of $TiO_2$ layer, which is grown by PEO (Plasma electrolytic oxidation), and the thickness of the $TiO_2$ layer is investigated. To evaluate the color change of the $TiO_2$ layer, the value of color ($dE^*ab$) is measured and calculated by spectrophotometer and chromameter. As a result, it is found that $dE^*ab$ values and thickness of $TiO_2$ layers form a linear relationship with meaningful formular. This formula can be helpful to quantify the thickness of the $TiO_2$ layer by the numerical $dE^*ab$ values. In this process, the spectrophotometer shows more precise results than the chromameter dose. If fluoride ions ($F^-$) are included in the electrolyte, it will affect the $dE^*ab$ values of the $TiO_2$. layer. This is against the propensity, which is analyzed by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). It is important that the formular suggested in this study provides other metals which can be also anodized with the possibility of quantifying the thickness of the $TiO_2$ layer by the $dE^*ab$ values.