• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.922-926
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• 2006

A genetic polymorphism study on butyrophilin gene was carried out to explore variability of this gene and to estimate effects of such variability on milk quality traits in crossbred cattle. Polymorphism was unraveled by conducting Hae III PCR-RFLP of this gene. Three genotypes such as AA, BB and AB and two alleles namely A and B were observed in crossbred population. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles were 0.78, 0.17 and 0.04 for AA, AB and BB genotypes, respectively, and 0.87 and 0.13 for A and B alleles, respectively. The nucleotides, which have been substituted from allele A to B, were observed as C to G ($71^{st}$ nucleotide), C to T ($86^{th}$ nucleotide), A to T ($217^{th}$ nucleotide), G to A ($258^{th}$ nucleotide), A to C ($371^{st}$ nucleotide) and C to T ($377^{th}$ nucleotide). The nucleotide substitutions at $71^{st}$, $86^{th}$ and $377^{th}$ position of the fragment were found as silent mutations whereas nucleotide changes at $217^{th}$, $258^{th}$ and $371^{st}$ positions were detected as substitution of amino acid lysine with arginine, valine with isoleucine, and leucine with proline from allele A to B. The genotypes had significant effects ($p{\leq}0.05$) on total milk solid%, fat%, SNF%, while showing nonsignificant impact on total protein%. AA genotype produced highest average yield for all the traits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.94-101
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• 2004

The gross composition, gross amino acid content, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent ileal digestible amino acid content from 64 commercially produced meat and bone meals were statistically analysed. The samples were produced by 22 plants over a 2.5 year period with eight plants using batch dry rendering and 14 plants using low temperature rendering. A linear model with method and time of year (period) as fixed effects, plant within method as a random effect and sheep percent as a covariate was fitted to the composition data. The majority of the variation in the gross composition, amino acid digestibility and digestible amino acid content was explained by differences between plants using the same method. Neither rendering season nor origin of the raw materials contributed significantly to the observed variation in meat and bone meal protein quality. Rendering method (low temperature or batch rendering) had a significant effect on the variation observed in gross fat content, gross energy content, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and total lanthionine content. The digestibility of a number of amino acids and the apparent digestible content of arginine, cysteine, aspartic acid, proline and hydroxyproline were also significantly affected by rendering method. On average, batch dry and low temperature rendering systems produce meat and bone meals of similar nutritional quality. The variation between plant and within plant, however, is large, indicating that purchasing meat and bone meal from the same plant does not guarantee a consistent quality.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2002

The Sec61 trimeric complex ($\alpha$,$\beta$, and ${\gamma}$ subunits) is one of the Sec-complex responsible for post-translational protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in diverse organisms. In this study, a cDNA encoding the Sec61p ${\gamma}$ subunit homologue was isolated from the cDNA library of the mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis. Sequence analysis of a 442-bp cDNA clone showed it to contain an open reading frame of 68 amino acid residues consisted of 204-bp. The homologues of the gene were found in the GenBank database in a diverse organism including insect, mammals, fungi, and plants. The deduced amino acid sequence of Sec61p ${\gamma}$ subunit homologue of the mole cricket showed the highest homology to the gene of the singly known insect, Drosophila melanogester (93% identity), and the least homology to that of the baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (37.2%). Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed a close relationship between the insect Sec61p ${\gamma}$ subunit homologues of G. orientalis and D. melanogester. Hydropathy analysis of the cricket mole and published other data suggested that the hydrophobic segment close to C-terminus is predicted to be the putative membrane anchor, Multiple alignment of the Sec61p ${\gamma}$ subunit homologue among several organisms showed the presence of several conserved domains including the conserved proline at position 28.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 1998

A protease, which had no tryptic and chymotryptic activity, was purified from the hepatopancreas of shrimp, P. japonicus, through ammonium sulfate fractionation, Q­Sepharose ionic exchange, benzamidine Sepharose 6B affinity, and Sephacryl S-100 gel chromatography. Molecular weight (M.W.) of the protease was estimated to be 24 kDa by gel filtration and showed a single peptide band by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The protease had a low ratio of acidic to basic amino acids, which is different with pro teases from marine animals. The enzyme was partially inhibited by benzamidine, tosyl-L-lysine chioromethyl ketone (TLCK), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI), and pepstatin. The enzyme did not have any activity against benzoyl-D,L-arginine p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) or benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (BTEE) which is a specific substrate of trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. However, the enzyme showed activity forward N-CBZ-L-tyrosine p-nitrophenyl ester (CBZ-Tyr-pNE), N­CBZ-L-tryptophan p-nitrophenyl ester (CBZ-Trp-pNE), and N-CBZ-L-proline p-nitrophenyl ester (CBZ-Pro-pNE). The protease did not showed tryptic and chymotryptic activity, which was not reported in shrimp hepatopancreas.

• Proceedings of the Korean Biophysical Society Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.75-75
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• 2003

We report here the results on N-acetyl-N'-dimethylamide of proline (Ac-Pro-NM $e_2$) calculated using the ab initio molecular orbital method with the self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) theory at the HF level with the 6-31+G(d) basis set to investigate the conformational preference of polyproline depending on the cis/trans peptide bonds and down/up puckerings along the backbone torsion angle $\square$ in the gas phase, chloroform, and water. In the gas phase, Ac-Pro-NM $e_2$ has seven local minima of tFd, tFu, cFd, cFu, cAu, tAu, and cAd conformations. In particular, polyproline conformations tFd, tFu, cFd, and cFu are found to be more stable than $\square$-helical conformations cAu, tAu, and cAd. In contrast, Ac-Pro-NHMe has seven local minima of tCd, tCu, cBd, cAu, tAu, cFd, and cFu conformations. Conformations tCd and tCu are found to be most stable, which is ascribed to the intramolecular hydrogen bond between C=O of acetyl group and $N^{~}$ H of N'-methyl amide group. The stability of the cFd conformation (i.e., the polyproline I structure) in chloroform is somewhat increased, relative to that in water, although tFd and tFu conformations (i.e., the polyproline II structure) are dominate both in chloroform and water. The population of backbone conformations feasible in chloroform and water is consistent with the experiments. This work is supported by a Korea Research Foundation Grant (KRF-2002-041-C00129).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.78-89
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• 1994

To evaluate of quality of Yakju brewed with different types of fermenters(Nuruk) and brewed by a method described in Sallymkyungjae, blucoamylase and protease and protease activities of Nuruk were measured, and proximate composition , coloring degree, acetaldehyde , alcohol , , fusel oils , amino acid content , mineral content and sugar composition of Yakju samples were also determined. It was foung that the lower the pH, the lower the glucoamylase acitvity in Nuruk samples A to E . In A, B, D and H, protease activity washigher at ph 5.5 than at pH 5.0 . Yakju sampels 1 to 5 during fermentation , total acidity and amino acid content were high at the first step and were getting lower gradually at the second step. In Yakju samples 6 to 11 , ethanol content was high in 6b, 7b, 8a, 8b and 11b. At the second step, residual sugar content was getting higher gradually in 7 a, 11 a and 11b. The coloring degree of Yakju wasinfluenced by not only color of Nuruk but also Fe content in Yakju . Of the Yakju examined , only 9a and 9b contained acetaldehyde in trace amounts. Thanol content was the highest in 8a and 8b. Fusel oil content was high in 8a and 8b. In samples 6 to 9 , aspartic acid content was higher in treatment a than treatment a than treatment b, but tyrosine , histidine and proline contents were higher in treatment a than treatment b. The levels of frucose, melibiose, sorbitol, and arabinose in Yakju brewed from unsteamed rice were higher than in Yakju brewed from steamed rice. K content was the lowest in 9a and 9b. Na content was higher in treatment a than in treatment a than in treatment b. In only 6a, Ca/P ratio was more than one.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1476-1479
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• 1998

Effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on the ACE (angiotensin I converting enzyme) inhibition and antihypertension in SHR (Spontaneously hypertensive rat) was examined. The ACE inhibition activity was observed in all the chitosan oligosaccharides used in this study, and chitosan trimer exhibited the highest inhibitory activity $(IC_{50}=0.9{\mu}M)$ compared with other chitosan oligosaccharides $(IC_{50}\;:\;2.4{\sim}100\;{\mu}M)$. The results suggested that chitosan trimer was a good inhibitor of ACE in molecular level. When the single oral dose (2.14 mg/kg, similar to dose level of Captopril, known as strong ACE inhibitor) of chitosan trimer was given to 8 or 21 week aged SHR, the blood pressure reduction of both SHRs in 4hrs were $27{\pm}4.8\;mmHg\;and\;36{\pm}4.3\;mmHg$, respectively. Therefore, it was suggested that chitosan trimer could be applicable as natural ACE inhibitor related to antihypertension.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1375-1382
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• 2019

Phenylalanine hydroxylase from Chromobacterium violaceum (CvPAH) is a monomeric enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. It shares high amino acid identity and similar structure with a subunit of human phenylalanine hydroxylase that is a tetramer, resulting in the latent application in medications. In this study, semirational design was applied to CvPAH to improve the catalytic ability based on molecular dynamics simulation analyses. Four N-terminal truncated variants and one single point variant were constructed and characterized. The D267P variant showed a 2.1-fold increased thermal stability compared to the wild type, but lower specific activity was noted compared with the wild type. The specific activity of all truncated variants was a greater than 25% increase compared to the wild type, and these variants showed similar or slightly decreased thermostability with the exception of the $N-{\Delta}9$ variant. Notably, the $N-{\Delta}9$ variant exhibited a 1.2-fold increased specific activity, a 1.3-fold increased thermostability and considerably increased catalytic activity under the neutral environment compared with the wild type. These properties of the $N-{\Delta}9$ variant could advance medical and pharmaceutical applications of CvPAH. Our findings indicate that the N-terminus might modulate substrate binding, and are directives for further modification and functional research of PAH and other enzymes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1039-1046
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• 2003

In a trial involving 240pigs, the proximate composition, physico-chemical properites, color, amino acid composition and fatty acid composition of loin muscle were investigated in feeding various finished pig feeds. The treatments included feeding control) the low-nutrient density diet(2,960cal/kg ME, 12.25% CP, 0.41% lysine and 0.70% Ca), T1) the medium-nutrient density diet(3,220cal/kg ME, 15.50% CP, 0.87% lysine and 0.90% Ca) and T2) the hight-nutrient density diet(3,350cal/kg ME, 17.50% CP, 1.05% lysine and 0.90% Ca). The crude ash contents of T1 were significantly(p〈0.05) higher than those of control and T2. The pH$_{u}$ of T2 were significantly higher than those of control and T1, but cooking loss were significantly(p〈0.05) lower than those of control. In compositions amino acid, aspartic acid, threonine, iso-leucine and histidine of T2 were higher than those of control, but proline and glycine were significantly(p〈0.05) lower then those of control. The oleic acid(18:1) contents of control were significantly higher than those of T1 and T2, but the contents of linoleic acid(C18:2) and arachidonic(C20:4) acid were significantly(p〈0.05) lower. Inconclusion, the results of the experiments suggest that the high-nutrient density diet for pigs tended to improve the postmortem pH$_{u}$ and cooking loss.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2009

This work was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition level of Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (CDDGS) and phytase in broiler diets on the broiler performance and the ileal amino acid digestibility. Three eighty four Ross broiler (one-day-old) were assigned randomly to 8 treatments groups (12 birds/pen, 4 pens/treatment) as $4{\times}2$ complex factors of CDDGS 4 treatments (0, 5, 10 and 15%) and phytase 2 treatments (0, 500 FTU/kg), and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (starter, 0~2 wk; grower, 2~4 wk; finisher, 4~6 wk). After the feeding trial was finished, 12 broilers (6 weeks) with similar weights were selected from all treatments to investigate the digestibility of nutrients and amino acids for the first week. The experimental diets contained similar ME and CP of all treatments. Body weight gains and feed intakes were high at phytase treatments (P>0.05), but there was no difference in feed intake of the chicks. The amino acid digestibilities of diets were improved for iso-leucine, lysine, threonine, valine, aspartic acid, proline, serine and tyrosine (P<0.05). Finally, this work showed that growth performance and amino acid digestibility were improved by the addition of CDDGS and phytase in broiler diets.