• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.495-500
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• 2019

Bioremediation of bacterial algae is one of wastewater treatment by utilizing symbiosis of bacterial algae, which is relatively inexpensive and safe for the environment. The aims of this research were: (1) to investigate initial characteristic of boezem water of Kalidami Surabaya, (2) to investigate the effect of potassium (K) element and carbon source addition toward the reduction of $NH_3-N$ content and organic matter in $KMnO_4$ of boezem water. The research conducted in a laboratory in batches without adding aeration. The initial stage of this research was conducting alga culture until it was obtained chlorophyll-a algae concentration of $3.5{\pm}0.5mg/L$. The best result of range finding test was a comparison of boezem water volume with algal which were about 25%:75%. The research conducted in duplo over 18 d. The result of the research can be concluded that boezem water of Kalidami Surabaya for the parameter of pH, temperature, $NH_3-N$, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and number of $KMnO_4$ show that it enables to do bioremediation of bacterial algae. Decrease efficiency occurred in a reactor with the addition of element K 3% and source C. $NH_3-N$ and $KMnO_4$ final content 0.164 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.32-36
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• 2007

On the contrary of a conventional motor with very narrow air-gap. it is difficult to calculate the accurate magnetic field distribution and the performance of an air-cored superconducting motor by 2 dimensional analysis. which does not use high permeability material except outer machine shield. This paper aims to do analysis of magnetic field and force distribution from the 3 dimensional modelling of a 1MW class superconducting synchronous motor. Especially. the field coil composed of Bi-2223 high-temperature superconductor and the outer machine shield are modelled by finite element analysis software according to their structures and the self-inductance and Lorentz force are calculated based on the 3 dimensional magnetic field calculation. Moreover. the influence of an important parameter, synchronous reactance, has been analyzed on the machine performances such as voltage variation and output power.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.99-114
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• 2020

The characteristics of the Brazilian tensile strengths(σ_t) parallel to the rock cleavages in Jurassic granite from Geochang were analysed. The evaluation for the six directions of rock cleavages was performed using the parameter values on microcrack length and the above strength. The strength values of the five test specimens belonging to each direction were classified into five groups. The strength values of these five groups increase in order of group A < B < C < D < E. The close dependence between the above microcrack and strength was derived. The analysis results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the chart showing the variation and characteristics of strength among the three rock cleavages were made. In the above chart, the strength values of six directions belonging to each group were arranged in order of rift(R1 and R2), grain(G1 and G2) and hardway(H1 and H2). The strength distribution lines of the five groups concentrate in the direction of R1. And the widths among the above five lines indicating strength difference(Δσ_t) are the most narrowest in R1 direction. From the related chart, the variation characteristics among the two directions forming each rock cleavage were derived. G2(2)-test specimen shows higher value and lower value of the difference in strength compared to the case of G1(1)-test specimen. These kinds of phenomena are the same as the case between the test specimen H2(2) and H1(1). The strength characteristics of the above test specimens (2) suggest lower microcrack density value and higher degree of uniformity in the distribution of microcracks arrayed parallel to the loading direction compared to those of test specimens (1). The six strength values belonging to each group were arranged in increasing order in the above chart. The strength values of the test specimens belonging to both group D and E appear in order of R1 < R2 < G1 < H1 < G2 < H2. Therefore, the strength values of group D and E can be indicator values for evaluating the six directions of rock cleavages. Second, the correlation chart between slope angle(θ) and strength difference(Δσ_t) were made. The values of the above two parameters were obtained from the five strength distribution lines connecting between the two directions. From the chart related to rift plane(G1-H1, R'), grain plane(R1-H2, G') and hardway plane(R2-G2, H'), the slope values of linear functions increase in order of R'(0.391) < G'(0.470) < H'(0.485). Among three planes, the charts related to hardway plane show the highest distribution density among the five groups. From the related chart for rift(R1-R2, R), grain(G1-G2, G) and hardway(H1-H2, H), the slope values of linear functions increase in order of rift(0.407) < hardway(0.453) < grain(0.460). Among three rock cleavages, the charts related to rift show the highest frequency of groups belonging to the lower region. Taken together, the width of distribution of the slope angle among the three planes and three rock cleavages increase in order of H' < G < R' < R < G' < H. Third, the correlation analysis among the parameters related to microcrack length and the tensile strengths was performed. These parameters may include frequency(N), total length(Lt), mean length(Lm), median length(Lmed) and density(ρ). The correlation charts among individual parameters on the above microcrack(X) and corresponding five levels of tensile strengths for the five groups(Y) were made. From the five kinds of correlation charts, the values of correlation coefficients(R²) increase along with the five levels of strengths. The mean values of the five correlation coefficients from each chart increase in order of 0.22(N) < 0.34(Lt) < 0.38(ρ) < 0.57(Lmed) < 0.58(Lm). Fourth, the correlation chart among the corresponding maximum strength for group E(X) and the above five parameters(Y) were made. From the related chart, the values of correlation coefficient increase in order of 0.61(N) < 0.81(Lt) < 0.87(ρ) < 0.93(Lm) < 0.96(Lmed). The two parameters that have the highest correlations are median length with maximum strength. Through the above correlation analysis between microcrack and strength, the credibility for the results from this study can be enhanced.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.373-386
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate effects of the brown seaweed residues supplementation on in vitro fermentation, and milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows. Therefore, two experiments consisting of an in vitro and an in vivo growth trial were used. In in vitro experiment, brown seaweed residues(BSR) was supplemented in basal diet with 0, 1, 2 and 4% respectively, and incubated for 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h. The pH value, ammonia-N and VFA were investigated. The pH value tended to increase with increasing BSR during the incubation. Particularly, pH was significantly higher in BSR treatments compared with control at 9 h(p < 0.05). While, ammonia-N concentration was not significantly different across treatments during the whole incubation. BSR supplementation did not affect total VFA production, but acetate was linearly increased in BSR treatments compared with control at 12 h(p < 0.05), and its concentration was highest(92.70 mM) in 4% BSR among treatments. The concentration of iso-butyrate tended to increase in BSR treatments in comparison to control during the incubation. In addition, the concentration of iso-valerate was higher in BSR treatments compared with control at 12 and 24 h. In growth trial, BSR was added(800 g/d/animaI) to diets of dairy cow. Dry matter intake was not affected by BSR supplementation, but daily milk yield(kg) significantly increased in BSR treatment compared with control(p < 0.05). However, milk composition(%) and milk yield(kg) were not significantly different between treatments. Milk fat(% and kg/d) tended to slightly decrease in BSR treatment compared with control(3.59% and 1.06 kg/d vs. 3.32% and 1.01 kg/d), The contents of C16:0 and C20:4 in milk significantly increased in BSR treatment compared with control reflecting from dietary fatty acid composition. The content of C18:0 in milk which is end product of biohydrogenation of CI8 unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen significantly increased in BSR treatment compared with control(p < 0.05). C18:2 content in milk tended to decrease, but tended to increase trans-II C18:l and CLA contents in milk in BSR treatment compared with control. In conclusion, it could be summarized that BSR may stabilize rumen pH, and it could improve milk yield and CIA content in milk with more than 4% of diet. Therefore, BSR could be beneficially used in dairy diets as a feed additive.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.334-343
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• 1987

The Chemical reactions between $NiL_m{^{2+}}\{$Ni(rac-1[14]7-diene)^{2+},\;Ni(meso-1[14]7-diene)^{2+},\;Ni(1[14]4-diene)^{2+},\;{\alpha}-Ni(rac-[14]-decane)^{2+},\;{\beta}-Ni(rac-[14]-decane)^{2+},\;and\;Ni(meso-[14]-decane)^{2+}$}\and\ CN^-$ ion were studied by the spectrophotometric method. The equilibrium constants (K_1$) for the 1:1 complex ion, $[NiL_m(CN)]^+\;with\;NiL_m{^{2+}}\;and\;CN^-$ ion were determined in the range of 3 to $25^{\circ}C$. The $K_1\;for\;Ni(rac-1[14]7-diene)^{2+},\;Ni(meso-1[14]7-diene)^{2+},\;Ni(1[14]4-diene)^{2+},\;{\alpha}-Ni(rac-[14]-decane)^{2+},\;{beta}-Ni(rac-[14]-decane)^{2+},\;and\;Ni(meso-[14]-decane)^{2+}\;at\;15^{\circ}C$ was 4.7, 5.3, 6.2, 7.5, 9.4, and 9.8, respectively. The values of $K_1$ decreased with increasing temperature. From the temperature effect on equilibrium constant ($K_1$), thermodynamic parameters $({\Delta}H^{\circ},\;{\Delta}S^{\circ},\;{\Delta}G^{\circ})$ for reaction were evaluated and the reaction of $NiL_m{^{2+}}\;and\;CN^-$ ion was exothermic. $NiL_m{^{2+}\;reacts\;with\;CN^-$ ion to give $Ni(CN)_4{^{2-}}$ ion and macrocyclic ligand $(L_m)$. The kinetics of formation of the $Ni(CN)_4{^{2-}}$ ion of varying the $[CN^-],\;[HCN],\;and\;[OH^-]$ have been investigated at 3∼$25^{\circ}C\;and\;0.5M\;NaClO_4$. Maintaining a constant $[CN^-],\;k_{obs}/[CN^-]^2$ increases linearly with increasing [HCN]. In the presence of large quantities of $[OH^-],\;k_{obs}/[CN^-]^2$ also increases linearly with $[OH^-]$. From the temperature effect on kinetic constant (k_{obs})$, parameter of activation $({\Delta}H^{\neq},\;{\Delta}S^{\neq})$ of reaction of $NiL_m{^{2+}}\;with\;CN^-$ ion were determined. For the $Ni(rac-1[14]7-diene)^{2+},\;Ni(meso-1[14]7-diene)^{2+},\;{\alpha}-Ni(rac-[14]-decane)^{2+},\;{\beta}-Ni(rac-[14]-decane)^{2+},\;and\;Ni(meso-[14]-decane)^{2+}\;series\;{\Delta}H^{\neq}$ gradually decrease as the d-d transition energy, $ν(cm^{-1})$ decrease. And the reaction of the five $NiL_m{^{2+}}\;with\;CN^-$ ion take place by way of equal paths.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.401-411
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• 2009

In this paper, we correct pulse wave velocity(PWV) with heart-rate and derive regression equations to estimate intima-media thickness(IMT). Widely used methods for diagnosis of arteriosclerosis are IMT and PWV. Arterial wall stiffness determines the degree of energy absorbed by the elastic aorta and its recoil in diastole but there is not correlation between sclerosis and IMT in an existing study. In this study, we will correct PWV with heart-rate and get regression equation to estimate IMT using heart-rate correction index(HCI). We executed experiments for this study. Made up question of physical condition and measured electrocardiogram(ECG), photoplethysmogram (PPG) of finger-tip and toe-tip and ultrasound image of carotid artery. Calculated PWV and IMT using ECG, PPG and ultrasound image. We found that every p-value between PWV and IMT is not significant(<0.05). But p-value between IMT and HCI which is a corrected PWV using heart-rate is significant(>0.01). We use HCI and various measured parameter for estimating regression equation and apply backward estimation to select parameters for regression analysis. Result of backward estimation, found that only HCI is possible to derive proper regression equation of IMT. Relationship between PWV and IMT is the second order. Result of regression equation of E-H PWV is $R^2$=0.735, adj $R^2$=0.711. This is the best correlation value. We calculate error of its analysis for verification of earlobe PWV regression equation. Its result is RMSEP=0.0328, MAPE(%) = 4.7622. Like this regression analysis, we know that HCI is useful parameter and relationship between PWV, HCI and IMT. In addition, we are able to suggest possibility which is that we can get different parameter of prediction throughout just one measurement.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.171-183
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• 1989

A general effect for cell proliferation has been incorporated into Roesch's survival equation (Accumulation Model). From this an isoeffect formula for the low dose-rate regimen is obtained. The prediction for total doses equivalent to 60Gy delivered at the constant dose-rate over 7 days agrees well with the dose-time data of Paterson and of Green, when the parameter ratio A/B (${\approx}{\alpha{\mu}}/2{\beta}\;where\;{\mu}$ is the repair rate) is chosen to be 0.7Gy/h. When a constant proliferation rate and known facts of division delay are assumed, an isoeffect relation between low dose-rate treatment and acute dose-rate treatment can be derived. This formula in the regimens where proliferation is negligible predicts exactly the data of Ellis that 8 fractions of 5 Gy/day for 7 days are equivalent to continuously applied 60Gy over 7days, provided the A/B ratio is 0.7 Gy/h and the $\alpha/\beta$ ratio is 4Gy. Overall agreement between the clinical data and the predictions made by the formula at the above parameter values suggests that the biologcal end points used as the tolerance level in the studies by Paterson, Green, and Ellis all agree and they are not entirely the early effects as generally assumed. The absence of dose-rate effects observed in the mouse KHT sarcoma can better be explained in terms of a large value for the A/B ratio. Similarly, the same total dose used independently of the dose-rate to treat head and neck tumors by Pierquin can be justified.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2008

A total of 360 Berkshire(hog) weighing 25kg were fed experimental diets containing either dehulled soybean meal(DSBM) or non-dehulled soybean meal(NDSBM) as a major protein source until they reach 80kg. The pigs were then fed the finisher diets either high(3,265 kcal/kg) or low(2,940 kcal/kg) in ME to evaluate the effects of dietary energy level for finisher phase on the growth performances, carcass and meat quality parameter. In growth performance, daily weight gain(kg/day) was higher(P<0.05) in T1 than in other groups. Feed conversion(feed/gain) was lower(P<0.05) in other groups. In carcass parameter, carcass percentage was higher(P<0.05) in T2 than in T1 and T4. Backfat thickness was lower(P<0.05) in T2 than in T1 and T3. The ratio of up B grade in carcass grade tender to be higher in T2 than in other groups. In meat quality, chemical composition was similar between groups. WHC was slighter higher in T1 than in other groups. Shear force was tender to be higher in T1 than in other groups. Hunter L and a in meat color were tender to be higher in T2 than in other groups. Hunter L in backfat color was thender to be higher in T1 than in other groups. The results indicate that growth performance and carcass parameter of Berkshire were improved by the dehulled soybean meal as comparison with non-dehulled soybean meal during growing and finishing periods.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and trend of Landrace and Yorkshire pigs, which were raised on private farms from 1999 to 2005 and tested for their reproductive performance by the Korea Animal Improvement Association. Prior to analysis, records without pedigree or having value with larger than±3×standard deviation for the Total number of born were excluded. The effects of breed and environmental factors were estimated with least square method(Harvey, 1979), and estimation of breeding values and genetic parameters were performed on the data of 1’st litter only with GIBBSF90(Misztal, 2001) which was programmed according to Gibbs Sampling method based on Bayesian Inference by Gianola and Fernando(1986), Jensen(1994) and others. Gibbs sampling was performed 50,000 times for each parameter, and the first 5000 samples were regarded as those in burn-in period and thus, excluded for post hoc analysis. Total number of born and total number of accident were statistically significant(p<0.01) for the breed, farrowing year, farrowing season and parity effects, and the number born alive at birth was statistically significantp<(0.01) for the breed, farrowing year, farrowing season and parity effects. No particular trend was observed in the genetic and phenotypic improvement of the total number of born and number born alive at birth before 2001, when the piglet registration system started, but the tendencies of increasing for the total number of born and number born alive and decreasing for the total number of accident were observed since 2001. Somewhat higher heritability estimates of our study seems to be attributed to the situations that first parity records with poor farrowing performances were used in the analyses and it was impossible to obtain accurate reproductive performance due to the absence of criteria for record keeping at the level of individual farms.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.148-153
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• 2012

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is associated with the variety of disorders of myocardial function. The effect, however, of myocardial infarction (MI) on ANP has not been fully described. Thus, this study investigated the effect of experimental MI, induced by left coronary artery ligation, on ANP secretion. Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 60 d underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce MI and were compared with a group that underwent a sham operation. Rats of sham operation had a similar procedure without having the suture tightened around the coronary artery. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h or 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 30 d after the procedure. MI size was assessed by planimetry and perimetry, and plasma ANP levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Mean infarct size was 39.6-44.5% of the left ventricle after coronary occlusion in experimental groups. No significant differences were observed in infarct size among groups. In contrast, the concentration of plasma ANP was significantly higher at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after left coronary artery ligation than in sham animals. This parameter, however, did not differ significantly at 3, 5, 7, 14, and 30 d after ligation compared with sham-ligated controls. These results demonstrate that plasma ANP levels are markedly increased in the early phase of MI in the male rat and can be a useful biomarker for diagnosis in acute MI.