• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2007

This study was conducted to examine the effect of several saccharides on the induction of capacitation and acrosome reaction (AR) and to examine the effects of mono and polysaccharides on the penetration activity of boar spermatozoa. Spermatozoa were inseminated in medium with fucose, galactose and mannose as monosaccharide, and fucoicIan. galactan and marman as polysaccharide. The penetration rates were significantly (p<0.05) lower in medium with galactose (40.6%), mannose (38.1%), fucose (41.6%) and fucoidan (36.6%) compared with control (56.7%). The rates of AR were increased (40.7 to 59.8%) by the preincubation periods prolonged from 0 to 4 hr (p<0.05). Similar tendencies were observed in AR when spermatozoa were treated with monosaccharides, but not significantly differ among the groups treated with different time of preincubation with some exception of galactose. When spermatozoa were treated with polysaccharides, the rates of AR were significantly (p<0.05) increased by preincubation time prolonged from 0 to 4 hr with an exception of fucoidan. In conclusion, the present study suggests that penetration rate of spermatozoa is higher in presence of polysaccharides than monosaccharides. Also, it may resume that the comparing to control, the all saccharides (L-fucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, fucoidan. galactan and mannan)-treated groups slightly increase the AR pattern as preincubation time prolonged.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2014

A bacterial strain was isolated from homemade doenjang (Korean fermented soybean paste) as a producer of the extracellular ${\beta}$-galactosidase, capable of hydrolyzing lactose to liberate galactose and glucose residues. The isolate YB-1414 has been identified as Bacillus licheniformis on the basis of its 16S rDNA sequence, morphology and biochemical properties. The production of ${\beta}$-galactosidase by B. licheniformis YB-1414 reached maximum levels of 6.2 U/ml in culture medium containing wheat bran (1%) and yeast extract (2.5%) as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Particularly, the insoluble fraction was more effective for ${\beta}$-galactosidase production than the soluble extract of wheat bran. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity for hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside (pNP-${\beta}Gal$) under reaction conditions of pH 6.0 and $55-60^{\circ}C$. Its hydrolyzing activity for pNP-${\beta}Gal$ was drastically decreased by the addition of low concentrations of galactose, but only slightly decreased by glucose, with 85% of maximal activity in the presence of 400 mM glucose.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2012

A bacterial strain was isolated from homemade Cheongkookjang as a producer of the ${\beta}$-galactosidase, capable of hydrolyzing lactose to liberate galactose and glucose residues. The isolate YB-1105 has been identified as Bacillus licheniformis on the basis of its 16S rDNA sequence, morphology and biochemical properties. ${\beta}$-Galactosidase activity was detected in both the culture supernatant and the cell extract of B. licheniformis YB-1105. The enzymes of both fractions demonstrated maximum activity for hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside (pNP-${\beta}Gal$) under identical reaction conditions of pH 6.5 and $50^{\circ}C$. However, ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity from the culture filtrate was affected more than that from the cell free extract at acidic pHs and high temperatures. The hydrolyzing activity of both ${\beta}$-galactosidases for pNP-${\beta}Gal$ was dramatically decreased by the addition of low concentrations of galactose, but was only marginally decreased by high concentrations of glucose or mannose.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.901-905
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• 2003

The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of thermosensitive poly(organophosphazenes) with methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) and amino acid esters as side groups was studied as a function of saccharide concentration in aqueous solutions of mono-, di-, and polysaccharides. Most of the saccharides decreased the LCST of the polymers, and the LCST decrease was more prominently observed by saccharides containing a galactose ring, such as D-galactose, D-galactosamine and D-lactose, and also the polysacccharide, 1-6-linked D-dextran effectively decreased the LCST of the polymers. Such an effect was discussed in terms of intramolecular hydrogen bonding of saccharides in polymer aqueous solution. The saccharide effect was found to be almost independent on the kinds of the amino acid esters and MPEG length of the polymers. Such a result implies that the polymer-saccharide interaction in aqueous solution is clearly influenced by the structure of sacchardes rather than by that of the polymers. The acid saccharides such as D-glucuronic and D-lactobionic acid increased the LCST, which seems to be due to their pH effect.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.65-80
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• 2004

Objectives : CRATAEGII FRUCTUS(山査) is known as the substance which delays aging by the antioxidant effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of CRATAEGII FRUCTUS(山査) on antioxidant enzyme activities such as Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS), Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Catalase(CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) in rat erythrocytes and blood plasma. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups, Normal group (supplied enough water and feeds only, Normal Group), D-galatose administered group(injected D-galatose 50mg/kg, 1time/day for 6 weeks, Control Group) and CRATAEGII FRUCTUS(山査) administered group (D-galactose 50mg/kg and CRATAEGII FRUCTUS(山査) extracts 85.0mg/200g 1time/day for 6 weeks, SS Group). Rats were sacrificed and TBARS, SOD, CAT, GSH-px, neutral fat and cholesterol were measured in rat erythrocytes and blood plasma. Results : There was no significant difference in the level of TBARS in the blood plasma between each experimental group. Red blood cell SOD activities were significantly different in each group. They were significantly decreased in the Control group compared to those of Normal and there was an increasing phenomenon in the SS group compared to the Control group. There was a significant difference in the activities of the red blood cell - glutathione peroxides in each group. There was a significant increase in the SS group compared to the Control group. Red blood cell catalase activities was no significant difference in each group. Plasma total lipid concentration was significantly different in each group. It was significantly increased in the Control group compared with the Normal group and it was decreasing in the SS group compared to the control group. Plasma triglyceride was not significantly different in each group. Plasma total cholesterol and Plasma HDL -cholesterol concentrations in the blood plasma were not significantly different in each group. Conclusions : According to the above results, it is considered that CRATAEGII FRUCTUS(山査) is effective in inhibiting lipid peroxides and increasing the activities of antioxidative(anti aging) enzyme in D-galactose induced aging rat.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2004

Objectives: Rubi Fructus(fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) composed of Polygonum multiflorum THUNB. and some medical herbs is known as formula of senescence delay effect. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Rubi Fructus(fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) on antioxidant enzyme activity such as Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS), Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Catalase(CAT), Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px) in rat erythrocytes and blood plasma. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups, Normal group(supplied enough water and feeds only, Normal Group), D-galatose administered group(injected D-galatose 50mg/kg, 1time/day for 6 weeks, Control Group) and Rubi Fructus (fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) administered group(D-galactose 50mg/kg and Rubi Fructus(fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) extracts 85.0mg/200g 1time/day for 6 weeks, BBJ Group). Rats were sacrificed and TBARS, SOD, CAT, GSH-px, Plasma total lipid, Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol were measured in rat erythrocytes and blood plasma. Results : Plasma TBARS concentrations of all experimental group were not significantly different. Red blood cell(RBC) SOD activities of BBJ group was increased, and RBC catalase activities of all experimental group were not significantly different. RBC GSH-px activities of BBJ group was increased. Plasma total lipid concentration of BBJ group were significantly lower than those of control. Plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations of all experimental group were not signi ficantly different. Conclusions: According to the above results, it is considered that Rubi Fructus(fruit of Rubus coreanus Miq.) is effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidative enzyme activities in D-galactose induced aging rat.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 1994

Callus tissues derived from protoplast of Alnus hirsuta were shown to produce red pigments under the continuous light. The R4 cell line with high yield of the pigments was selected. One of the red pigments was identified as anthocyanin; glucose and galactose as sugar moiety and cyandin as aglycone, by spectroscopic analysis, cellulose TLC and GLC. Both callus growth and anthocyanin accumulation were remarkably stimulated by 2,4-D. The highest anthocyanin yield was observed when $1\;\mu\textrm{M}$ 2,4-D in combination with $0.1\;\mu\textrm{M}$ BAP was supplemented to the culture medium. In case of inorganic salts, anthocyanin yield was enhenced by reducing concentration of phosphate from 5.0 mM to 2.5 mM and by increasing the ratio of ${NO_3}^{-}$ type to 80% for total nitrogen source.source.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.212-219
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• 2022

Recently, the efficacy of probiotics in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders has been reported in animal and clinical studies. Here, we assessed the effects of Bacillus coagulans JA845 in counteracting the symptoms of D-galactose (D-gal)/AlCl₃-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a mice model through behavioral test, histological assessment and biochemical analysis. Ten weeks of pre-treatment with B. coagulans JA845 prevented cognitive decline, attenuated hippocampal lesion and protected neuronal integrity, which demonstrated the neuroprotective features of B. coagulans JA845 in vivo. We also found that supplementation of B. coagulans JA845 alleviated amyloid-beta deposits and hyperphosphorylated tau in hippocampus of D-gal/AlCl₃-induced AD model mice. Furthermore, B. coagulans JA845 administration attenuated oxidative stress and decreased serum concentration of inflammatory cytokines by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and MyD88/TRAF6/NF-κB pathway. Our results demonstrated for the first time that B. coagulans has the potential to help prevent cognitive decline and might be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.899-905
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• 1999

The lectins from mucilaginous jelly and green epidermis of Aloe vera were isolated by gel and affinity chromatography. The molecular weights of the lectins were determined by SDS-PAGE. The molecular weights of the lectins from mucilaginous jelly isolated by Sephadex G-100 were 58.7 kD and 33.3 kD, and that isolated by acid-treated Sepharose 4B was 176.4 kD. The molecular weights of the lectins from epidermis isolated by Sephadex G-100 were 221.1, 54.0 and 32.5 kD respectively. And that isolated by acid-treated Sepharose 4B was 222.0 and 158.0 kD. The agglutinating activity of lectin from jelly was inhibited by D-galactose, lactose and D-galactosamine, but that from epidermis was not inhibited by lactose. The activity was stable at the pH range of $7.0{\sim}9.0$ and at the temperature $0{\sim}60^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2003

Objectives : In order to examine the antioxidant activities of Kyungohkgo(瓊玉膏), the study was done through measurement of parameters such as Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS), Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Catalase(CAT), Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px), Plasma total lipid, Plasma total triglyceride, Plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol concentrations in rat erythrocytes and plasma. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 3 groups, Normal group(l2 weeks old), pathologically induced group(injected D-galatose 50mg/kg, 1time/day for 6 weeks, CONTROL) and Kyungohkgo(瓊玉膏) administered group(D-galactose 50mg/kg and Kyungohkgo extracts 1125.0mg/kg 1time/day for 6 weeks, KOG). Rats were sacrificed and TBARS, SOD, CAT, Plasma total lipid, Plasma triglyceride, Plasma total cholesterol, Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations and GSH-px were measured in rat erythrocytes and plasma. Results : Plasma TBARS concentrations of KOG group were significantly lower than those of control. Red blood cell(RBC) SOD activities of KOG group was increased(F=3.619, p=0.052, ANOVA test), and RBC catalase activities of all experimental group were not significantly different. RBC GSH-px activities of KOG group was increased(F=6.844, p=0.008, ANOVA test). The changes of Plasma triglyceride was not significantly different. Plasma total lipid of KOG group showed significant decrease compared to the control group(F=19.337, p=0.0001, ANOVA test). Plasma total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol concentrations of all experimental groups were not significantly different. Conclusions : According to the above results, it is considered that Kyungohkgo(瓊玉膏) is effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidative enzyme activities in D-galactose induced aging rat.