• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.418-424
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• 1994

Lectin from mistletoe (Viscum coloratum) were obtained by salt fractionation, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. A molecular weight of about 60,000D has been determined by SDS-PAGE and two basic subunits which have molecular weights of 33,000D and 28,000D are linked by a disulfide bond. The partially purified mistletoe lectins agglutinated human B erythrocytes. Agglutinating activity was relatively stable at varied pH $(3.77{\sim}8.71)$ and at temperature range of $0{\sim}40^{\circ}C$ and not affected by 9 metal ions. Galactose, lactose and N-acetyl-D- galactosamine inhibited agglutinating activity of lectin. Lectin from mistletoe was more mitogenic to murine lymphocytes than concanavalin A.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.521-526
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• 2021

Three isolates belonging to the ascomycetous genus Zygotorulaspora were obtained from the fruits of Cornus officinalis and Smilax china, and flowers of Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum in Gongju-si, Korea. Phylogenetic Analyses of the LSU D1/D2 domain and ITS region sequences supported the recognition of two new species: Zygotorulaspora cornina sp. nov. (type strain NIBRFGC000500475 = KACC93346P^PP) and Zygotorulaspora smilacis sp. nov. (type strain NIBRFGC000500476 = KACC93347P^PP). The two novel species revealed no growth on D-Galactose, unlike the other six species in the genus Zygotorulaspora. They are distinguished from each other by their phylogenetic differences and phenotypic characteristics such as assimilation of xylitol, 5-keto-D-gluconate, and ethanol. All species in the genus Zygotorulaspora including the two novel species have phenotypic traits of genus Zygotorulaspora: asci are persistent, sucrose and raffinose are assimilated, and m-inositol is not required for growth, and they are mainly associated with plants.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.307-315
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• 2014

Recently seaweed polysaccharides have been extensively studied for alternative energy application. Because their producing cost is high and efficiency low, their industrial applications have been limited. The main component of cell wall of red algae represented by Gelidiales and Gracilariales is agar. Red-algae agar or galactan, consisting of D-galactose and 3, 6-anhydro-L-galactose, is suitable for bio-product application if hydrolyzed to monomer unit. For the hydrolysis of algae, chemical or enzymatic treatment can be used. A chemical process using a strong acid is simple and efficient, but it generates together with target sugar and toxic compounds. In an enzymatic hydrolysis process, target sugar without toxic compounds generation. The objective of this review is to summary the recent data of saccharification by chemical and enzymatic means from red seaweed for especially focused on automobile industry.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.298-304
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• 1997

Thermus caldophilus GK24 was selected as sources of thermostable $\beta$-galactosidase from a survey of genus Thermus. T. caldophilus GK24 (Tca) $\beta$-galactosidase was found to be inducible. The enzyme was optimally active at 75$\circ$C. Enzyme induction was achieved by addition of lactose, galactose and cellobiose to basal media. The addition of glucose to culture media had a repressive effect on further enzyme synthesis. T caldophilus GK24 was tested for production of $\beta$-galactosidase by addition of various concentration of lactose, galactose and cellobiose to standard media. Cellobiose was found to be effective for the $\beta$-galactosidase induction. The optimal induction medium for production of $\beta$-galactosidase was composed of 0.2% cellobiose, 0.3% bactotryptone, 0.3% yeast extract, basal salts and Tris/HCI(pH 7.8). The activity of the enzyme in the optimal induction medium increased nearly 16.5-fold compared to the standard medium. Tca $\beta$-galactosidase was detected when cell extracts was subjected to electrophoresis in a nondenaturing polyacryamide gel and stained for activity with 6-bromo-2-naphtyl-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside(BNG).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.665-671
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• 2020

The chemical and rheological properties of fucoidan and alginate prepared from different parts of Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll, frond, stipe) were investigated. The algal materials were extracted with HCl (pH 2.0, 3 h at 70℃) to prepare fucoidan, and the remaining solid was continuously re-extracted with Na₂CO₃ (pH 10.0, 70℃, 3 h) to prepare alginic acid. The fucoidan and alginic acid contents in the sporophyll, frond, and stipe were 11.14%, 3.84%, and 1.73% and 22.04%, 37.14%, and 31.74%, respectively. The content of fucoidan and alginate depends on the part extracted. The fucoidan extracted from the sporophyll mainly consists of fucose and galactose, but the fucoidan extracted from frond and stipe contains mannose in addition to fucose and galactose. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of fucoidan and alginate suggests the presence of sulfate groups (1261 and 840 cm^-1) and carboxyl groups (1626 and 1419 cm^-1), respectively. Alginate solutions (5%) had a low viscosity of 10.84-31.63 mPa·s. The activation energies of fucoidan and sodium alginate were 14.45-18.38 kJ/mol and 18.61-22.06 kJ/mol, respectively. The D-mannuronic acid/L-guluronic acid (M/G) ratios of alginate showed a relatively high (frond, 3.72; stipe, 2.88; and sporophyll, 1.80).

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.215-218
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• 2000

Sialytrisaccharides based on $\beta$-galactosyldisaccharides were synthesized using $\beta$-galactosidase and trans-sialidase in one pot. Using $\beta$-galactosidase from Bacillus Ciculans and trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi simulaneously, 6mM sialyltrisaccharides composed of about 95% NeuAc$\alpha$(2,3)Gal$\beta$(1,4)GlcNAc and 5% NeuAc$\alpha$(2,3)Gal$\beta$(1,6)GlcNAc were produced from a reaction mixture containing 25mM o-nitropheny1-$\beta$-D-galsctolneuraminic acid. One beauty of this reaction was that a secondary hydrolysis of the disaccharide intermediate occurring between the activated galactopyranoside and N-acetylgucosamine was prevented. Using $\beta$-galactosidase from Escherichia cloi and the same trans-sialidase, 15mM sialyltrisaccharides composed of about 90% NeuAc$\alpha$(2,3)Gal$\beta$(1,6)GlcNac and 10% NeuAc$\alpha$(2,3)Gal$\beta$(1,4)GlcNAc were produced from a reaction misture containing 400nM galactose, 800nM N-acetylglucosylation rection between galactose and N-actylgucosamine was diminant since the disaccharide intermediate mainly resulted sreulted in the silylated product.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.703-711
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• 1994

We synthesized D-1,3-dioxolanyl acetate from D-mannose using Frazer-Reide reaction and D-1,3-oxathiolanyl acetate from either D-mannose or D-galactose in good yields. These acetates were conjugated with various disilylated pyrimidine base using trimethylsilyl trifluoromethane sulfonate as a Lewis acid catalyst to obtain 32 different D-nucleosides.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.3 s.74
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• pp.209-225
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• 1995

Ganoderan, antitumor ${\beta}-glucan$ from Ganoderma lucidum was extracted from the mycelium of G.lucidum IY009 which was cultured in various carbon sources. The mycelium was shown to be capable of utilizing various carbon sources, e.g., soluble starch, fructose and glucose, and differs in morphology on carbon sources. In radioisotope assay, about $5.2{\sim}16%$ of glucose was to be incorporated in ganoderan of the mycelium. The monosugars of these ganoderan were mainly consisted of glucose, mannose, galactose. The galactose was not good carbon source for growing the mycelium but the best carbon source for producing the potentialized-ganoderan on the antitumor and anticomplementary activity. The tumor inhibition ratio of ganoderan-GAL, obtained from galactose medium, was 83.6% at the dose of 20 mg/kg/day. This crude polysaccaride was composed of five monosaccharide and the protein contained 16 amino acids. Also, ganoderan-GAL increased the anticomplementary activity than that obtained from any other media. This fact suggests that the structural differences of ganoderan influence the antitumor and anticomplementary activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1725-1731
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• 2020

Objective: An initial RNA-Sequencing study revealed that UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) was one of the most promising candidates for milk protein concentration in Chinese Holstein cattle. This enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose, an important step in galactose catabolism. To further validate the genetic effect of GALE on milk protein traits, genetic variations were identified, and genotypes-phenotypes associations were performed. Methods: The entire coding region and the 5'-regulatory region (5'-UTR) of GALE were re-sequenced using pooled DNA of 17 unrelated sires. Association studies for five milk production traits were performed using a mixed linear animal model with a population encompassing 1,027 Chinese Holstein cows. Results: A total of three variants in GALE were identified, including two novel variants (g.2114 A>G and g.2037 G>A) in the 5'-UTR and one previously reported variant (g.3836 G>C) in an intron. All three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with milk yield (p<0.0001), fat yield (p = 0.0006 to <0.0001), protein yield (p = 0.0232 to <0.0001) and protein percentage (p<0.0001), while no significant associations were detected between the SNPs and fat percentage. A strong linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.96 to 1.00) was observed among all three SNPs, and a 5 Kb haplotype block involving three main haplotypes with GAG, AGC, and AGG was formed. The results of haplotype association analyses were consistent with the results of single locus association analysis (p<0.0001). The phenotypic variance ratio above 3.00% was observed for milk protein yield that was explained by SNP-g.3836G >C. Conclusion: Overall, our findings provided new insights into the polymorphic variations in bovine GALE gene and their associations with milk protein concentration. The data indicate their potential uses for marker-assisted breeding or genetic selection schemes.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 1997

This study was carried out to purify and to characterize various bioactive material acemannan from Aloe vera. Purified acemannan was mannose (67%) and acetyl group (23%), and the rest of glucose was galactose that consists of long chain polydispered beta-(1, 4) linked mannan polymers. The sugar and acetyl group in the molecule were linked by molar ratio of 3 : 1. This polysaccharide from Aloe vera may provide functional flood and potential drug source with antiviral and immunomodulating properties.