• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.111-118
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• 2021

Periodontitis and periimplantitis are caused as a result of dental biofilm formation. This biofilm is composed of multiple species of pathogens. Therefore, controlling biofilm formation is critical for disease prevention. To inhibit biofilm formation, sugars can be used to interrupt lectin-involving interactions between bacteria or between bacteria and a host. In this study, we evaluated the effect of D-Arabinose on biofilm formation of putative periodontal pathogens as well as the quorum sensing activity and whole protein profiles of the pathogens. Crystal violet staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that D-Arabinose inhibited biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Tannerella forsythia. D-Arabinose also significantly inhibited the activity of autoinducer 2 of F. nucleatum and the expression of representative bacterial virulence genes. Furthermore, D-Arabinose treatment altered the expression of some bacterial proteins. These results demonstrate that D-Arabinose can be used as an antibiofilm agent for the prevention of periodontal infections.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.3
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• pp.25-48
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• 1962

The polysaccharide C prepared from gum tragacanth powder (U. S. P. grade) by the precipitation method with 85% ethanol was a neutral polysaccharide, $[{\alpha}]^{30}_D-72.2$. The polysaccharide C consisted of L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose and D-galactose in the molar ratio 2:1:17:9 (Table 1, 2, 3, ). The polysaccharide C was methylated with dimethylsulphate and 40% NaOH, and Purdies regent. The hydrolyzate of fully methlated product ($[{\alpha}]^{22}_D-102$ in chloroform, the methoxy content 40.6%) was composed of 2, 3, 5-tri-O-methyl-L-arabofuranose (I), 3,4-di-O-methyl-L-rhamnopyranose (II), 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-xylose (III), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactopyranose (IV), 2,4-di-O-methyl-L-arabopyranose (?), 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-galactose(VI), 2-O-methyl-D-arabinose (VII), and L-arabopyranose(VIII) (Table 4, 5, and Fig. 4). The first partial hydrolysis (A) of the polysaccharide C with 0.05N-HCl for 4.5 hours at $80-85^{\circ}C$ released only L-arabinose: the second hydrolysis (B) with 0.1N-HCl for 5 hours at $80-85^{\circ}C$, L-arabinose and D-galactose; and the third hydrolysis (C) with 0.3N-HCl at $90-95^{\circ}C$ in sealed tube, L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose and D-galactose. From the unhydrolyzate A' were found L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and D-galactose; from B' L-rhamnose, d-xylose, L-arabinose and D-galactose; and from C' D-xylose and D-galactose respectively (Table 6). The periodate consumption and formic acid production of the polysaccharide C were measured at various time intervals. After 120 hours periodat was consumed by 1.23 mole per $C_5H_8O_4$ and formic acid was produced 0.78 mole per $C_5H_8O_4$ (Table 7). Although a definite chemical structure for this polysaccharide C may not be formulated, experimental data, especially, from methylation, partial hydrolysie and determination of its molar ratio, and periodate analysis showed that the polysaccharide C is a highly branched polysaccharide and would be constructed of galactoaraban as a main chain residue and L-arabofuranose, D-galactopyranosyl $(1{\rightarrow}1)$-L-arabofuranose, D-xylopyranosyl $(1{\rightarrow}2)$-L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\rightarrow}1)$-L-arabofuranose, and L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\rightarrow}1)$-arabofuranose, and D-galactopyranosyl-$(1{\rightarrow}2)$-L-arabopyranosyl-$(1{\rightarrow}1)$-I-arabofuranose as a branch chain or end group (page 21).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.68-75
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• 2000

D-Tagatose is a potential bulking agent in food as a non-calorific sweetener. To produce D-tagatose from cheaper resources, plasmids harboring the L-arabinose isomerase gene (araA) from Escherichia coli was constructed because L-arabinose isomerase was previously suggested as an enzyme that mediates the bioconversion of galactose to tagatose as well as that of arabinose to ribulose. In the cultures of recombinant E.coli with pTC101, which harboring araA of E.coli, tagatose was produced from galactose in 9.9 % yield. The enzyme extract of E.coli containing pTC101 also converted galactose into tagatose in 96.4 % yield. For the economic production of D-tagatose, an L-arabinose isomerase of E.coli was immobilized using covalent binding on agarose. While the free L-arabinose isomerase produced tagatose with the rate of 0.48 mg/U$.$day, the immobilized one stably converted galactose into average 7.5 g/l$.$day of tagatose during 7 days with higher productivity of 0.87 mg/U$.$day. In the scaled up immobilized enzyme system, 99.9 g/l of tagatose was produced from galactose with 20 % equilibrium in 48 hrs. The process was stably repeated additional 2 times with tagatose production of 104.1 and 103.5 g/l.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2008

The use of L-carbohydrates and their corresponding nucleosides in medicinal application has greatly increased. For example L-ribose has been much in demand as the starting material for curing hepatitis B. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was studied for the analysis of ribose and arabinose fractions from ion exchange chromatography (IEC). Dowex Monosphere 99 Ca/320 resin was packed in IEC to separate ribose and arabinose under various operating conditions. $NH_{2}$ and sugar HPLC columns were then used to analyze the fractions from the IEC column. Pulse input method (PIM) was also used to measure adsorption isotherms of ribose and arabinose in the Dowex column and HPLC columns. Experimental results and simulations by ASPEN chromatography were compared with fair agreement.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.339-346
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• 2019

L-Arabinose, a five carbon sugar, has not been considered as an important bioresource because most studies have focused on D-xylose, another type of five-carbon sugar that is prevalent as a monomeric structure of hemicellulose. In fact, L-arabinose is also an important monomer of hemicellulose, but its content is much more significant in pectin (3-22%, g/g pectin), which is considered an alternative biomass due to its low lignin content and mass production as juice-processing waste. This review presents native and engineered microorganisms that can ferment L-arabinose. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is highlighted as the most preferred engineering host for expressing a heterologous arabinose pathway for producing ethanol. Because metabolic engineering efforts have been limited so far, with this review as momentum, more attention to research is needed on the fermentation of L-arabinose as well as the utilization of pectin-rich biomass.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.385-392
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• 1996

Bacillus stearotheymophilus, a potent xylanolytic bacterium isolated from soil, was tested for the strain's strategies of pentose utilization and the evidence of substrate preferences. The strain metabolized glucose, xylose, ribose, maltose, cellobiose, sucrose, arabinose and xylitol. The efficacy of the sugars as a carbon and energy source in this strain was of the order named above. The organism, however, could not grow on glycerol as a sole growth substrate. During cultivation on a mixture of glucose and xylose or arabinose, the major hydrolytic products of xylan, B. stearothermophilus displayed classical diauxic growth in which glucose was utilized during the first phase. On the other hand, the pentose utilization was prevented immediately upon addition of glucose. Cellobiose was preferred over xylose or arabinose. In contrast, maltose and pentose were co-utilized, and also no preference on between xylose and arabinose. Enzymatic studies indicated that B. stearothermophilus possessed constitutive hexokinase, a key enzyme of the glucose metabolic system. While, the production of $^{D}$-xylose isomerase, $^{D}$-xylulokinase and $^{D}$-arabinose isomerase essential for pentose phosphate pathway were induced by xylose, xylan, and xylitol but repressed by glucose. Taken together, the results suggested that the sequential utilization of B. stearothermophilus would be mediated by catabolite regulatory mechanisms such as catabolite inhibition or inducer exclusion.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.312-316
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• 2004

Five strains, producing bacterial thermostable L-arabinose isomerase, were isolated from Korean soil samples obtained from compost under high temperature circumstances. Among these strains, the CBG-Al showed the highest L-arabinose isomerase activity at $60^\circ{C}$ and was selected as a D-tagatose producing strain from D-galactose. This strain was identified as Geobacillus thermodenitrificans based on the 16S rRNA analysis, and biological and biochemical characteristics. The isolated strain was aerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-positive, nonmotile, and an endospore-forming bacterium. No growth was detected in culture temperature below $40^\circ{C}$. The maximum growth temperature and maximum temperature of enzyme activity were $75^\circ{C}$ and $65^\circ{C}$, respectively. In metal ion effects, $Ca^{2+}$ was the most effective enzyme activator with the reaction rate by 150%. In a 5-1 jar fermentor with 3-1 MY medium, L-arabinose isomerase activity was growth-associated and pH decreased rapidly after the initial logarithmic phase.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.655-658
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• 2008

Although arabinose isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.4), a commercial enzyme for edible tagatose bioconversion, can be expressed in an Escherichia coli system, this expression system might leave noxious by-products in food. To develop an eligible tagatose bioconversion with food-safe system, we compared the tagatose production activity of immobilized arabinose isomerase expressed in Bacillus subtilis (a host generally recognized as safe) with that of the enzyme expressed in E. coli. A 48% increase in tagatose production (4.3 g tagatose/L at $69.4\;mg/L{\cdot}hr$) was found using the B. subtilis-expressed immobilized enzyme system, compared to the E. coli-expressed enzyme system (2.9 g tagatose/L). The increased productivity with safety of the B. subtilis-expressed arabinose isomerase suggests that it is a more eligible candidate for commercial tagatose production.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.423-428
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• 1999

Two polysaccharides, ACP-UMP and ACP-ULF, were purified from the aerial part of Artemisia capillaris by anion-exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration, and gel filtration chromatography. The polysaccharides appeared to be homogenious from the results of HPLC. The molecular weights of ACP-UMF and ACP-ULF were estimated to be 16305.92 D and 3292.26 D, respectively, by MALDI-TOF MS. The sugar compositions were determined by GC to be arabinose 10.05%, xylose 1.67%, mannose 5.45G, galactose 39.06%, glucose 15.43% for ACP-UMF and arabinose 11.60%, xylose 11.15%, mannose 6.37% galactose 32.47%, glucose 18.35% for ACP-ULF. A polysaccharide, SP-M was determined to be 2462.52 D by MALDI-TOF MS. SP-M consisted mainly of rhamnose 36.49%, arabinose 29.00%, and glucose 19.38%. Incubation of CCl4-intoxicated hepatocytes with ACP-UMF reduced the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) to 62.8% and 23.8%. ACP-ULF also reduced the levels of GPT and MDA to 46.1% and 38.1% and 26.3%, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1760-1766
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• 2009

Enzymatic syntheses of water soluble Bakuchiol glycosides were carried out in di-isopropyl ether organic media using amyloglucosidase from Rhizopus mold. The reactions were carried out under conventional reflux conditions and in supercritical $CO_2$ atmospheric conditions. Out of the eleven carbohydrate molecules employed for the reaction, D-glucose, D-ribose and D-arabinose gave glycosides in yields of 9.0% to 51.4% under conventional reflux conditions. Under supercritical $CO_2$ atmosphere (100 bar pressure at 50 ${^{\circ}C}$), bakuchiol formed glycosides with Dglucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-ribose, D-arabinose, D-sorbitol and D-mannitol in yields ranging from 9% to 46.6%. Out of the bakuchiol glycosides prepared, 6-O-(6-D-fructofruranosyl)bakuchiol showed the best antioxidant (1.4 mM) and ACE inhibitory activities (0.64 mM).