• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.147-151
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• 2023

Transparent ZnO (100 nm thick) and ZnO/Ti/ZnO (ZTZ) films were prepared with radio frequency (RF) and direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering on the glass substrate at room temperature. During the ZTZ film deposition, the thickness of the Ti interlayer was varied, such as 6, 9, 12, and 15 nm, while the thickness of ZnO films was kept at 50 nm to investigate the effect of the Ti interlayer on the crystallization and opto-electrical performance of the films. From the XRD pattern, it is concluded that the 9 nm thick Ti interlayer showed some characteristic peaks of Ti (200) and (220), and the grain size of the ZnO (002) enlarged from 13.32 to 15.28 nm as Ti interlayer thickness increased. In an opto-electrical performance observation, ZnO single-layer films show a figure of merit of 1.4×10^-11 Ω^-1, while ZTZ films with a 9 nm-thick Ti interlayer show a higher figure of merit of 2.0×10^-5 Ω^-1.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2023

Objectives: This study analyzed the decline in quality of life according to age in the chronic disease patient group, quantified it as a quantitative index, and compared it by sex and chronic disease. Methods: In the 2017-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database, 11,473 adults aged 19 years or older, excluding cancer patients, were analyzed for age-specific changes in the EQ-5D Index by chronic disease. The decline in quality of life according to age in patients with chronic diseases was analyzed by linear regression analysis while controlling for general characteristics. Then, linear regression analysis was performed according to sex. Results: In the case of the control group, the quality of life decreased by 0.0004 for every 1-year increase in age(P<0.001). By chronic disease, asthma(β=0.0019, P<0.001), arthritis(β=0.0017, P=0.002), thyroid dis- ease(β=0.0016, P=0.015), dyslipidemia(β=0.0011, P=0.020), and hypertension(β=0.0009, P=0.027) mostly showed a greater decrease in quality of life than the control group. In addition, when divided into two groups by sex, hypertension(β=0.0012, P=0.029), thyroid disease(β=0.0041, P=0.038), and arthritis(β=0.0022, P<0.001) showed a significant decrease in quality of life only in male. Diabetes(β=0.0056, P=0.038), dyslipi- demia(β=0.0022, P=0.001) significantly decreased quality of life only in female. Conclusions: Chronic disease had a negative impact on patients perception of quality of life, and the more severe the pain and activity limitation due to the chronic disease, the more severe it was. It also showed different patterns according to sex. Therefore, it is necessary to allocate more medical resources and provide policy support to prevent chronic diseases, which are serious social problems.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.8-18
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• 2005

강화도 장화리 펄 조간대 지역에서 2002년 5월-2004년 4월까지 저서미세조류의 계절분포를 조사하였으며, 저서미세조류의 일차생산력 측정과 HPLC를 이용한 색소분석 방법으로 저서미세조류의 생산능력 및 분류군별 분포를 파악하였다. 강화도 갯벌에서 저서미세조류는 조간대 중부에서 많은 현존량을 보였다 강화도 갯벌에서 저서미세조류의 계절별 현존량 변동은 $2.3-140.9{\times}10^5\;cells\;cm^{-2}$의 범위로 하계와 동계에 낮은 현존량을 보였고 2003년 2월에서 4월까지 저서미세조류의 대증식 헌상이 나타났다. 저서미세조류는 대부분 저서성 돌말류가 우점종으로 출현하였고, 특히 연중 Paralia sulcata가 전 정점에서 우점하여 출현하였다. 그외에 Cylindrotheca closterium과 Nitzschia sp.가 2월과춘계에 크게 우점하였다. HPLC 색소분석을 통한 저서미세조류 군집조성은 돌말류를 포함하여 유그레나류, 남조세균, 녹조류, 은편모조류, 황갈조류, 와편모조류 등 다양한 종류가 출현하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. Chl a의 함량은 1.18-34.25 mg $m^{-2}$의 범위로 평균 7.60 mg $m^{-2}$을 보였다. Fuco/Chl a는 평균 0.7로 나타나 연구기간동안 돌말류가 전체 저서미세조류 생물량의 대부분을 차지하고 있음을 보여주었으며 Chl b/Chl a는 평균 0.17로 유그레나류와 녹조류가 일정 시기에 서로 공존하여 서식하는 것으로 나타났다. 평균 일차생산력의 화는 4.2-113.0 mgC $m^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$비 범위로 평균 33.9 mgC $m^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$로 나타났고, 초기기울기 $(\alpha)$의 변화범위는 0.002-0.005$(mgC\;mgchl-a^{-1}\;hr^{-1}){\cdot}({\mu}E\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1})^{-1}$로 측정되었다. 동화계수(Pm)는 0.50-1.32 mgC $mgchl-a^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$의 변화범위를 보였고, 일일 일차생산력은 20.9-678.1 mgC $m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ 범위로 평균 206.7 mgC $m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$을 보여 일반적인 갯벌에서의 생산력 범위를 보였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2010

목 적 : 조산아에서 출생 직후 말초 혈액의 C-반응성 단백(C-reactive protein, CRP) 농도가 자궁 내 염증의 침범 부위 또는 진행 정도에 따라 어떻게 달라지는 지 알아봄으로써 출생 직후 말초 혈액 CRP 측정의 임상적 의의와 유용성에 대해 연구하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2005년 9월부터 2009년 4월까지 동국대학교 일산병원에서 출생하여 신생아 중환자실에 입원한 재태기간 32주 미만의 조산아 187명을 연구 대상으로 했다. 연구 대상을 'no histologic chorioamnionitis' [HCAM (-), 85명]군과 'histologic chorioamnionitis' [HCAM (+), 102명]군으로, 다시 HCAM (+)군을 'funisitis' [F (+), 49명]군과 'no funisitis' [F (-), 53명]군 및 'funisitis/amnonitis' [FA (+), 58명]군과 'isolated chorio-deciduitis' [FA (-), 44명]군으로 분류하였다. 출생 직후 말초 혈액의 high sensitivity CRP 농도를 측정하여 각 군 간에 비교하였다. 결 과 : HCAM (+)군, F (+)군, F (-)군, FA (+)군의 말초 혈액 CRP 농도는 모두 HCAM (-)군에 비해 높았으나(평균=0.29 vs. 0.06 mg/dL; 0.52 vs. 0.06; 0.07 vs. 0.06 mg/dL; 0.46 vs. 0.06 mg/dL, P<0.05), FA (-)군의 경우는 HCAM (-)군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. 또한, F (+)군과 FA (+)군의 말초 혈액 CRP 농도는 각각 F (-)군 및 FA (-)군보다 높았다 (평균=0.52 vs. 0.07 mg/dL; 0.46 vs. 0.05 mg/dL, P<0.05). HCAM (-)군과 F (+)군, HCAM (-)군과 FA (+)군을 감별하기 위한 경우, 말초 혈액 CRP 농도의 cut-off 값을 0.02 mg/dL으로 정하였을 때 민감도와 특이도는 모두 94% 및 53%였다(P<0.0001). 또한, F (+)군과 F (-)군, FA (+)군과 FA (-)군을 감별하기 위한 경우, 말초 혈액 CRP 농도의 cut-off 값을 0.02 mg/dL으로 정하였을 때 민감도는 각각 79%와 86%, 특이도는 모두 53%였다(P<0.002, P =0.000). 말초 혈액 CRP 농도가 0.02 mg/dL 이상인 경우, 임상적 융모양막염, 확증된 조기 발현 패혈증, 조직학적 융모양막염, 제대 혈관염의 빈도가 높았다. 결 론 : 재태기간 32주 미만의 조산아에서 출생 직후 말초 혈액 CRP 농도는 태반의 염증이 제대 혈관염이나 양막염까지 진행했을 때 유의하게 증가하여 조직학적 융모양막염의 진행 정도를 잘 반영하였고, 제대 혈관염이나 양막염의 감별 진단에 어느 정도 진단적 가치가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.558-564
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• 1999

A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effects of standard (ST), long-term (LT), and expander (EX) conditioners on nutritional value of phase-three nursery and finishing swine diets. In Exp. 1, 180 pigs (average initial BW of 11.7 kg) were fed com-soybean meal based diets (1.3% lysine) during a 28 d growth assay. Gain/feed was improved (p<0.004) with pelleting and pellet durability index (PDI) increased with degree of conditioning (LT>ST). However, there was no advantage for LT vs ST conditioning in rate or efficiency of gain (p>0.5). In Exp. 2, 180 pigs (average initial BW of 10.4 kg) were fed con-soybean meal based diets (0.9% lysine) during a 28 d growth assay, Pelleted diets tended to support greater ADG (p<0.08) and gain/feed (p<0.002) with no marked advantage from EX vs ST conditioning. In Exp 3, a total of 70 barrows (average initial BW of 54 kg) was used in a growth assay to determine the effects of feeding a com-soybean meal based diet processed with a standard (ST) steam conditioner, a long-term (LT) steam conditioner, and an expander (EX) conditioner. The conditioned diets were fed as mash (M) or pellets (P) to give a $2{\times}3$ factorial plus a meal control. PDI increased with degree of conditioning (EX>LT>ST). There was a trend (p<0.07) for greater ADG in pigs fed diets that had been thermally conditioned. Also, there was a general advantage in gain/feed with pelleting (p<0.04), but this advantage was pronounced only with standard conditioning. Indeed, the greatest gain/feed was observed for pigs fed the expander treatments (p<0.03) and the expander mash was used as efficiently as the expander pellets. There was no difference in backfat thickness among pigs fed the treatments (p>0.3). but the more extreme the processing technique. the greater the incidence and severity of stomach lesions (p<0.04). These results suggest maximum rate and efficiency of growth with pelleting after standard steam conditioning or simply feeding an expanded mash.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.248-256
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of expander processing and enzyme supplementation of wheat-based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. For Exp. 1, 60 finishing pigs (average initial BW of 49.5 kg) were fed meal, standard pellets and expanded pellets in a 70 d growth assay. From 49.5 to 79.0 kg, 79.0 to 111.8 kg, and overall (49.5 to 111.8 kg), ADG and ADFI were not affected by pelleting or standard vs expander conditioning (p>0.22). However, from 49.5 to 79.0 kg, pigs fed pellets have greater gain/feed than pigs fed mash (p<0.04), and pigs fed expanded pellets tended to have greater (p<0.10) gain/feed than pigs fed standard pellets. Overall (i.e. from 49.5 to 111.8 kg), gain/feed (p<0.02) and apparent fecal digestibilities of DM (p<0.001) and N (p<0.02) were improved by pelleting the diets. Also, expander processing further improved gain/feed (p<0.06) and digestibility of DM (p<0.04) compared to standard steam conditioning. Scores for keratinization (p<0.002) and ulceration (p<0.003) of the stomach were increased by pelleting, but the mean scores for the various treatments ranged only from 0.05 to 1.08 (i.e., low to mild keratosis and ulceration). For Exp. 2, 80 pigs (average initial BW of 54.1 kg) were fed mash and pellets (standard or expander) without and with xylanase. The enzyme was added to supply 4,000 units of xylanase activity/kg of diet. Adding xylanase to the mash diet improved gain/feed from 90.7 to 115.9 kg (p<0.04) of the growth assay and digestibility of DM (p<0.05) on d 39. However, in pelleted diets, adding the enzyme did not improve growth performance or digestibility of nutrients. Pelleting tended to increase scores for ulceration (p<0.06), and enzyme supplementation decreased stomach keratinization scores for pigs fed the standard pellets (p<0.01). However, as in Exp. 1, the mean scores for all treatment groups were quiet low (i.e., ranging from normal to mild). In conclusion, pelleting improved efficiency of growth, but additional benefits from expander conditioning were observed only in Exp. 1. Finally, xylanase tended to improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility, only in pigs fed mash diets but not in pigs fed pellets.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2013

The purposes of this study was to describe the clinical correlation of mass size and gestational age, prognostic factors in sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) at a tertiary pediatric surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center (AMC), Seoul, Korea. Fifty five patients admitted to the AMC with a SCT between May 1989 and April 2013 were included in this retrospective review. Mean follow up was 861 days. Mean maternal age at delivery was $30{\pm}2.7$ year, mean gestational age (GA) was $36.9{\pm}3.6$ wks, and preterm delivery was 21.8%. Birth body weight was $3182{\pm}644$ g and male vs. female ratio was 1:2.05. We can't find significant difference between Caesarean section and maternal age at delivery (p =0.817). But, caesarean section was favored by gestational age (p = 0.002), larger tumor size (p =0.029) or higher tumor weight fraction rate to birth body weight (p =0.024). Type I was 13, II 21, III 17, and IV 3 according to Altman et al. classification. The tumor component was predominantly cystic(> 50%) in 73.1 %. And the majority histological classification of tumors were mature teratoma (70.3%). The motality rate was 5.5%. Three patients expired because of postpartum bleeding, post-op bleeding related complication such as DIC. SCT recurred in four patients. The interval between first and second operation was $206.2{\pm}111.0$ d (range 53~325 d). In two patients, serum AFP levels were elevated at a regular checkup without any symptom, and subsequent imaging studies revealed SCT. The most common cause of death was bleeding and bleeding related complication. So Caesarean section and active peripartum and perioperative management will be needed for huge solid SCT. In the case of Yolk sac tumor or huge immature teratoma, possibility of recurrence have to be always considered, so follow up by serial AFP and MRI is important for SCT management.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2016

Recently several studies reported that the renal toxicity of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) may exist in even a low level exposure. In terms of the deterioration of tubular function, it affects the loss of divalent metals and leads to other complications, so renal tubular effect of heavy metals should be well managed. Considering the exposure to heavy metals in reality, it is hard to find the case that human is exposed to only one heavy metal. We designed a cross-sectional study using Korean Research Project on the Integrated Exposure Assessment (KRIEFS) data to investigate the renal effects of multiple metal exposure in general population. We used blood Pb and urinary Cd as exposure measures, and urinary N-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin (${\beta}_2$-MG) as renal tubular impairment outcome. We conducted linear regression to identify the association between each heavy metal and urinary NAG and ${\beta}_2$-MG. And then, we conducted linear regression including the interaction term. Of 1953 adults in KRIEFS (2010~2011), the geometric mean of blood Pb and urinary Cd concentration was $2.21{\mu}g/dL$ (geometric $SD=1.49{\mu}g/dL$) and $1.08{\mu}g/g\;cr$ (geometric $SD=1.98{\mu}g/g\;cr$), respectively. In urinary Cd, the strength of the association was also high after adjusting (urinary NAG: ${\beta}=0.44$, p < 0.001; urinary ${\beta}_2$-MG: ${\beta}=0.13$, p = 0.002). Finally, we identified the positive interactions for the two renal biomarkers. The interaction effect of the two heavy metals of ${\beta}_2$-MG was greater than that of NAG. It is very important in public health perspective if the low level exposure to multiple heavy metals has an interaction effect on kidney. More epidemiological studies for the interaction and toxicological studies on the mechanism are needed.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.866-872
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 어패류 및 그 가공품 중 PAMs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 다환방향족탄화수소) 분석방법을 확립하고 오염실태를 파악하기 위하여 서울 춘천 대전 광주 부산의 5대 도시 시장에서 어류 12종, 패류 5종, 가공식품 7종 총 205건을 채취하였다. 균질화된 시료를 알칼리 분해하여 n-hexane으로 추출하고 증류수로 세척한 후 Sep-Pak florisil cartridge로 정제하여 HPLC/FLD로 동시 정량 분석하였다. 각각의 PAHs에 대한 회수율은 약 90-106%였으며 검출한계는 PAHs에 따라 차이는 있으나 0.002-0.5ng/g 수준이었다. 어패류 및 그 가공품 중 8가지 총 PAHs의 평균 함량은 0.23ng/g이었으며 개별 평균 PAHs 함량은 benzo(a)anthracene 불검출, chrysene 0.01 ng/g, benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.04ng/g, benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.07ng/g, benzo(a)pyrene 0.05ng/g, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 0.004ng/g, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 0.0008ng/g, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 0.06ng/g이었다. 또한, 우리나라 국민이 이들 식품을 통해 섭취하는 1일 PAHs 섭취량은 약 9ng, 벤조피렌 섭취량은 약 2ng이었으며 이 수준은 다른 나라에서 보고된 결과에 비해 낮은 수준이었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.38-48
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• 2019

Background: Interspecific ginseng hybrid, Panax ginseng ${\times}$ Panax quenquifolius (Pgq) has vigorous growth and produces larger roots than its parents. However, F1 progenies are complete male sterile. Plant tissue culture technology can circumvent the issue and propagate the hybrid. Methods: Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg/L) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was used for callus induction and somatic embryogenesis (SE). The embryos, after culturing on $GA_3$ supplemented medium, were transferred to hormone free 1/2 Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium. The developed taproots with dormant buds were treated with $GA_3$ to break the bud dormancy, and transferred to soil. Hybrid Pgq plants were verified by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analyses and by LC-IT-TOF-MS. Results: We conducted a comparative study of somatic embryogenesis (SE) in Pgq and its parents, and attempted to establish the soil transfer of in vitro propagated Pgq tap roots. The Pgq explants showed higher rate of embryogenesis (~56% at 2 mg/L 2,4-D concentration) as well as higher number of embryos per explants (~7 at the same 2,4-D concentration) compared to its either parents. The germinated embryos, after culturing on $GA_3$ supplemented medium, were transferred to hormone free 1/2 SH medium to support the continued growth and kept until nutrient depletion induced senescence (NuDIS) of leaf defoliation occurred (4 months). By that time, thickened tap roots with well-developed lateral roots and dormant buds were obtained. All Pgq tap roots pretreated with 20 mg/L $GA_3$ for at least a week produced new shoots after soil transfer. We selected the discriminatory RAPD and ISSR markers to find the interspecific ginseng hybrid among its parents. The $F_1$ hybrid (Pgq) contained species specific 2 ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rf in P. ginseng and pseudoginsenosides $F_{11}$ in P. quinquefolius), and higher amount of other ginsenosides than its parents. Conclusion: Micropropagation of interspecific hybrid ginseng can give an opportunity for continuous production of plants.