• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.214-218
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• 2011

Diets based on carbohydrates increase rapidly the blood glucose level due to the fast conversion of carbohydrates to glucose. High glucose diets have been known to induce many lifestyle diseases. Here, we demonstrated that high glucose diet shortened the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans through apoptosis induction. Control adult groups without glucose diet lived for 30 days, whereas animals fed 10 mg/L of D-glucose lived only for 20 days. The reduction of lifespan by glucose diet showed a dose-dependent profile in the concentration range of glucose from 1 to 20 mg/L. Aging effect of high glucose diet was examined by measurement of response time for locomotion after stimulating movement of the animals by touching. Glucose diet decreased the locomotion capacity of the animals during mid-adulthood. High glucose diets also induced ectopic apoptosis in the body of C. elegans, which is a potent mechanism that can explain the shortened lifespan and aging. Apoptotic cell corpses stained with SYTO 12 were found in the worms fed 10 mg/L of glucose. Mutation of core apoptotic regulatory genes, CED-3 and CED-4, inhibited the reduction of viability induced by high glucose diet, which indicates that these regulators were required for glucose-induced apoptosis or lifespan shortening. Thus, we conclude that high glucose diets have potential for inducing ectopic apoptosis in the body, resulting in a shortened lifespan accompanied with loss of locomotion capacity.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2014

For the structure determination of D-(+)-sucrose, which consists of ${\alpha}$-D-(+)-glucose and ${\beta}$-D-(+)-fructose, it was acetylated with acetic anhydride and triethyl amine, pyridine, zinc chloride, and sodium acetate as catalysts. The acetylated D-(+)-sucrose was acid-hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid and sodium chloride in methanolic solution. The structures of the reaction products were determined by $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR spectra. The yield of the acetylation indicated the high value in zinc chloride as 70% in zinc chloride catalyst. The acid-hydrolyzed product of the acetylated D-(+)-sucrose, 2,3,4,6,1',3',4',6'-octa-O-acetyl-D-(+)-sucrose, gave 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-(+)-glucose and it suggests that the acetylated D-(+)-sucrose was rearranged through the formation of oxonium ion by mutarotation in the 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-${\alpha}$-D-(+)-glucose moiety and through the ring opening in the 1',3',4',6'-tetra-O-acetyl-${\beta}$-D-(+)-fructose moiety.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.302-307
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• 2009

The present study was designed to clarify the antidiabetic activity and mechanism of Dioscorea rhizome in diabetic db/db mice. Mice were administered Dioscorea rhizome and rosiglitazone orally for 7 weeks and the effects of these compounds on fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance and intestinal disaccharidase activity in db/db mice were evaluated. The fasting serum glucose of the D. rhizome treated group was reduced when compared with that of the db/db control group. In addition, the disaccharidase activities in homogenates of the proximal, middle and distal segment of the small intestine were significantly decreased response to D. rhizome treatment, especially in the middle segment. These results suggest that D. rhizome decreases blood glucose via a decrease in the activity of disaccharidase in the mucosa of the middle region of the small intestine in db/db mice.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1984년도 학술대회지
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• pp.191-197
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• 1984

인삼의 저혈당성 분획 (DPG-3-2)이 적출한 랑겔한스섬에서 인슐린 분비를 증가시킨다고 일전에 본 저자들이 발표하였다. 근래에 이와 같은 DPG-3-2 분획으로부터 사포닌, 뉴크레오사이드, 뉴크레오타이드, 아미노산, 당 등을 완전히 제거시켜 더욱 정제한 D-O-ANa 성분을 추출하였다. D-O-ANa 유발성 인슐린 분비효과를 DPG 3-2 분획과 그외 잔여성분과 비교 검토하였다. D-O-ANa는 글루코우즈 농도의 고저에 무관하게 인슐린 분비를 가장 강하게 촉진하였다. 특히 D-O-ANa는 제 2 차증 글루코운즈 유발성 인슐린 분비를 촉진하였다. DPG 3-2 분획은 당뇨병 쥐로부터 떼어낸 랑겔한스섬에서 세포외 체액의 칼슘이온이 증가됨에 따라($0.16{\~}6.25$mM) 글루코우즈 유발성 인슐린 분비를 더욱 현저히 증가시켰다. 칼슘이온 흡수와 인슐린분비의 상호관계가 뚜렷이 밝혀졌다. 이 관계는 single sucrose gap 방법에 의해 주의 적출 간 문맥에서 칼슘주파수가 증가되는 실험을 통해 증명되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.387-389
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• 1997

L. brevis, L. fermentum과 L. plantarum의 혼합젖산균을 사용하여 소다크랙커의 스폰지 발효과정 중에 밀가루와 당 농도가 미치는 양향을 살펴보았다. 밀가루 전분이 혼합젖산균에 의하여 포도당으로 전환되어 이용되므로 포도당을 밀가루 용액내에 첨가하여 실험을 수행하였다. 포도당 첨가할 경우 생성되는 총적정산도(TTA; total titrable acid)가 포도당을 첨가하지 않은 경우에 비하여 적게 증가하였고, pH 감소의 폭도 적었다. 이는 첨가된 포도당이 세포성장을 촉진시키고, 유기산의 생성을 억제하는 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 소다크랙커의 스폰지 발효과정 중에서 밀가루 농도가 증가할수록 생산되는 총적정산도는 증가되고 pH는 감소되었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2014

본 연구는 자일로올리고당을 설탕에 적용하여 임상시험을 통해 자일로올리고당 첨가량에 따른 설탕의 GI 저감효과와 혈당저감효과를 확인하였다. 건강한 성인 남녀 11명를 대상으로 표준식품인 포도당과 비교하여 분말 자일로올리고당을 14% 함유한 Xylo 14과 분말 자일로올리고당을 20% 함유한 Xylo 20을 섭취 후 표준식품과 비교식품의 IAUC를 통해 GI를 산출한 결과 Xylo 14는 $60.0{\pm}23.5$로 Medium GI 식품으로 나타났으며, Xylo 20은 $54.3{\pm}17.7$로 Low GI 식품으로 나타났다. 순수한 설탕의 GI 68과 비교하면 각각 11.8%와 20.1% 혈당상승 저감효과를 나타낼 수 있었다. AUC는 15~90분까지 모든 구간에서 유의적인 차이 (p < 0.05)를 나타내었다. 따라서 Xylo 14와 Xylo 20은 혈당 저감효과를 나타냄과 동시에 7~10 g 이상 섭취하면 자일로올리고당의 1일 유효섭취량도 만족시킬 수 있으므로 기능성 설탕으로서의 활용이 기대된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.665-666
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• 2002

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.119-129
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• 1995

Decomposition rates of glucose, starch, spinach leaves and litters in forests are calculated by equation dC dt=-kC(Co-1nC), dC- dt=$-kC^2$, and Olson's negative exponential decay model.dC dt = - kC =-kC(Co - InC) showed a very close fit to decomposition of the organic matters in cultural media by purified microorganisms and dC dt=$-kC^2$ to decomposition of the litters in forests. Key words: Organic matters, Cultural media, Glucose, Starch, Leaves, Litters.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.257-267
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• 1996

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a wide range of pathophysiologic changes in the kidney. This study was designed to examine the mechanisms by which glucose modulates the expression of polarized membrane transport functions in primary cultured rabbit renal proximal tubule cells. Results are as follows: The rate of 30 minute $Rb^{+}$ uptake was significantly higher($137.76{\pm}5.40%$) in primary renal tubular cell cultures treated with 20 mM glucose than that of 5 mM glucose. Not the level of mRNA for the ${\alpha}$ subunit of Na, K-ATPase but that of ${\beta}$ subunit was elevated in primary cultures treated with high glucose. The initial rate of methyl-${\alpha}$-D-glucopyranoside(${\alpha}$-MG) uptake was significantly lower($71.91{\pm}3.02%$) in monolayers treated with 20 mM glucose than that of 5 mM glucose. There was a tendency of an increase in phlorizin binding site in cells treated with 5 mM glucose. However, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose(3-O-MG) uptake was not affected by glucose concentration in culture media. TPA inhibited $Rb^{+}$ uptake by $63.61{\pm}1.94\;and\;45.80{\pm}1.36%$ and ${\alpha}$-MG uptake by $48.54{\pm}3.69\;and\;41.87{\pm}6.70%$ in the cells treated with 5 and 20 mM glucose, respectively. Also TPA inhibited mRNA expression of Na/glucose cotransporter in cells grown in 5mM glucose medium. cAMP significantly stimulated ${\alpha}$-MG uptake by $114.65{\pm}5.70%$ in cells treated with 5mM glucose, while it did not affect ${\alpha}$-MG uptake in cell treated with 20 mM glucose. However, cAMP inhibited $Rb^{+}$ uptake by $76.69{\pm}4.16\;and\;66.87{\pm}2.41%$ in cells treated with 5 and 20 mM glucose, respectively. In conclusion, the activity of the renal proximal tubular Na,K-ATPase is elevated in high glucose concentration. In contrast, the activity of the Na/glucose cotransport system is inhibited. High glucose may in part affect the activity of the Na,K-ATPase and the Na/glucose cotransport system by controlling the protein kinase C and/or A signal transduction pathway in primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.172-177
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• 2014

A glycosyltransferase, YjiC, from Bacillus licheniformis has been used for the modification of the commercially available isoflavonoids genistein, daidzein, biochanin A and formononetin. The in vitro glycosylation reaction, using UDP-${\alpha}$-D-glucose as a donor for the glucose moiety and aforementioned four acceptor molecules, showed the prominent glycosylation at 4' and 7 hydroxyl groups, but not at the $5^{th}$ hydroxyl group of the A-ring, resulting in the production of genistein 4'-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, genistein 7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (genistin), genistein 4',7-O-${\beta}$-D-diglucoside, biochanin A-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (sissotrin), daidzein 4'-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, daidzein 7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (daidzin), daidzein 4', 7-O-${\beta}$-D-diglucoside, and formononetin 7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (ononin). The structures of all the products were elucidated using high performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array and high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR QTOF-ESI/MS) analysis, and were compared with commercially available standard compounds. Significantly higher bioconversion rates of all four isoflavonoids was observed in both in vitro as well as in vivo bioconversion reactions. The in vivo fermentation of the isoflavonoids by applying engineered E. coli $BL21(DE3)/{\Delta}pgi{\Delta}zwf{\Delta}ushA$ overexpressing phosphoglucomutase (pgm) and glucose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (galU), along with YjiC, found more than 60% average conversion of $200{\mu}M$ of supplemented isoflavonoids, without any additional UDP-${\alpha}$-D-glucose added in fermentation medium, which could be very beneficial to large scale industrial production of isoflavonoid glucosides.