• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1068-1075
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• 2000

A study involving nutrient balances and radioisotope labeling techniques was undertaken to study energy and protein metabolism, and glucose kinetics of female crossbred Etawah goats, using 12 weaned (BW $14.0{\pm}2.0kg$), 12 late pregnant (BW $27.8{\pm}1.8kg$) and 12 first lactation does (BW $25.0{\pm}5.0kg$). Each class of animal was randomly allotted into 3 dietary treatment groups R1, R2 and R3, that received 100%, 85%, and 70% of ad libitum feed. The rations offered were pellets containing 21.8% CP and 19.3 MJ GE/kg, except for the lactating does who received pellets (17.2% CP and 18.9 MJ GE/kg) and fresh Penisetum purpureum grass. Energy and nitrogen balance studies were conducted during a two-week trial. Daily heat production (HP, estimated by the carbon dioxide entry rate technique), glucose pool and flux were measured. Equations were found for metabolizable energy (ME) and protein intake (IP) requirements for growing goats: ME (MJ/d)=1.87+0.55 RE-0.001 ADG+0.044 RP $(R^2=0.89)$ and IP (g/d)=48.47+2.99 RE+0.029 ADG+0.79 RP $(R^2=0.90)$; for pregnant does: ME (MJ/d)=5.92+0.96 RE-0.002 ADG+0.003 RP $(R^2=0.99)$ and IP (g/d)=58.34+5.41 RE+0.625 ADG-0.30 RP $(R^2=0.98)$; and for lactating does: ME (MJ/d)=4.23+0.713 RE+0.003 ADG+0.006 RP+0.002 MY $(R^2=0.86)$; IP (g/d)=84.05-5.36 RE+0.055 ADG-0.16 RP+0.068 MY $(R^2=0.45)$, where RE is retained energy (MJ/d), ADG is average daily gain in weight (g/d), RP is retained protein (g/d) and MY is milk yield (ml/d). ME and IP requirements for maintenance for growing goats were 0.46 MJ/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$ and 7.43 g/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$, respectively. Values for the pregnant and lactating does were in the same order, 0.55 MJ/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$ and 11.7 g/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$, and 0.50 MJ/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$ and 10.8 g/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$, respectively. Milk protein ranged from 3.06 to 3.5% and milk fat averaged 5.2%. Glucose metabolism in Etawah crossbred female goat is active, but glucose flux is low compared to temperate ruminant breeds which may implicate its role to support production.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.1841-1865
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• 2017

This paper proposes a new interference mitigation scheme for device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying a cellular network. The object of the proposed scheme is to determine the number of data streams, a precoding matrix, and a decoding matrix of D2D networks so as to maximize the system capacity given the number of data streams of a cellular network while satisfying the constraint of the inter-system interference from D2D networks to the cellular network. Unlike existing interference mitigation schemes based on the interference alignment technique, the proposed scheme operates properly regardless of the number of data streams of a cellular network and moreover it does not require changing the precoding and decoding matrices of a cellular network. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly increases the system capacity by mitigating the intra- and inter-system interference.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 2008

Deficiency of collagen regeneration, denaturalization of elastic fibers, and promotion of reactive oxygen species formation are important factors for deterioration of skin function. They induce wrinckle formation and decrease skin elasticity. Vitamin C and its derivatives have been used as cosmetic ingredients for anti-aging effects but their chemical instability has been a major problem. In an attempt to develop a novel anti-aging agent with a improved stability and bioactivity, the anti-wrinkle effect of 3-O-cetyl-L-ascorbic acid (VCCE), a new vitamin C derivative, was investigated in this study. VCCE increased procollagen type-1 synthesis in a dose-dependent manner (149% at 0.002%) in cultured fiboroblasts. Its potent anti-wrinkle effect was confirmed in vivo by analyzing human skin replica by a visiometer and the PRIMOS system. It did not cause any irritation in human patch test. Taken together, our findings suggest that the VCCE has potential benefits applicable to cosmetics for anti-wrinkle effects.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.346-357
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• 2015

Purpose: This descriptive study was to examine uncertainty and performance of infection control in the VRE patients' caregivers. Methods: The participants were 82 caregivers who involved with the VRE patients care in D tertiary hospital in D metropolitan city. Data were analyzed with number, percentage, t-test, and ANOVA using SPSS/Win 21.0. Results: The participants' uncertainty was 56.99 and performance of infection control was 35.09. Performance of infection control was significantly different by age (F=121.38, p<.001), education (F=102.77, p<.001), relationship with the patient (F=17.80, p<.001), hours of caring per day (t=3.14, p=.002), and type of family (t=-8.65, p<.001). There was a significant negative correlation between participants' uncertainty and performance of infection control (r=-.96, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of the study will be used to develop nursing intervention program and standard protocol for infection control for the VRE patients' caregivers.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.16-33
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• 2019

In this paper, a full-duplex NOMA relaying based underlay device-to-device (D2D) communication scheme is proposed, in which D2D transmitter assists cellular downlink transmission as a full-duplex relay. Specifically, D2D transmitter receives signals from base station and transmits the superposition signals to D2D receiver and cellular user in NOMA scheme simultaneously. Furthermore, we investigate the power allocation under the proposed scheme, aiming to maximize D2D link's achievable transmit rate under cellular link's transmit rate constraint and total power constraint. To tackle the power allocation problem, we first propose a power allocation method based on linear fractional programming. In addition, we derive closed-form expressions of the optimal transmit power for base station and D2D transmitter. Simulation results show that the performance of two solutions matches well and the proposed full-duplex NOMA relaying based underlay D2D communication scheme outperforms existing full-duplex relaying based D2D communication scheme.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.373-381
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that affect the social distance between the demented elderly and nursing college students. In this study, responses from 158 nursing college students in city D were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed. As a result, the correlation between variables, social distance, and dementia attitude towards the demented elderly (r = .53, p<.001) showed a statistically correlated relationship, while ageism (r = -.41, p<.001) showed a negative correlation. The results of this study are as follows: first, the interactions between the elderly with dementia and the nursing college students were more frequent (${\beta}=.29$ p=.012), and second, attention to early prevention of dementia (${\beta}=.32$ p=.002) was significant. The explanatory power of these influential factors on the social distance toward the demented elderly was 41.0%.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.525-532
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate among smoking knowledge, smoking attitude, and smoking cessation intention and factors which influence in college student smokers. The subjects of this study were completed by 240 college student smokers from 2 colleges in D City. Data were collected from October 1 to Nomember 15, 2018. Data were analyzed using the t-test, the ANOVA, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis by SPSS ver. 21.0. The participants' knowledge was 0.51 out of 1 points, attitude was 3.63 out of 5 point and smoking cessation intention level was 2.71 out of 5 points. There were significant positive correlations among knowledge, attitude and smoking cessation intention. Factors influencing smoking cessation intention were smoking attitude(β=0.20, p=0.002), smoking amount(β=0.19, p=0.002), age of starting smoking habit (β=0.20, p=0.004), try to quit smoking(β=0.16, p=0.012)). Smoking cessation intention 17.7% of the variance in smoking attitude, smoking amount, age of starting smoking habit and try to quit smoking. The development of smoking cessation education program that focuses attitude change is needed. Maybe, well-designed program will enhance their knowledge, attitude and smoking cessation intention.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.1415-1435
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• 2018

Resource allocation in device-to-device (D2D) aided cellular systems, in which the proximity users are allowed to communicate directly with each other without relying on the intervention of base stations (BSs), is investigated in this paper. A new uplink resource allocation policy is proposed by exploiting the relationship between D2D-access probability and channel gain among variant devices, such as cellular user equipments (CUEs), D2D user equipments (DUEs) and BSs, etc., under the constraints of their minimum signal to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) requirements. Furthermore, the proposed resource-allocation problem can be formulated as the cost function of "maximizing the number of simultaneously activated D2D pairs subject to the SINR constraints at both CUEs and DUEs". Numerical results relying on system-level simulations show that the proposed scheme is capable of substantially improving both the D2D-access probability and the network throughput without sacrificing the performance of conventional CUEs.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1996-2013
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• 2015

This paper considers a scenario that more D2D users exist in the cell, they compete for cellular resources to increase their own data rates, which may cause transmission interference to cellular users (CU) and the unfairness of resource allocation. We design a resource allocation scheme for selfish D2D users assisted by cooperative relay technique which is used to further enhance the users' transmission rates, meanwhile guarantee the QoS requirement of the CUs. Two transmission modes are considered for D2D users: direct transmission mode and cooperative relay transmission mode, both of which reuses the cellular uplink frequency resources. To ensure the fairness of resource distribution, Nash bargaining theory is used to determine the transmission mode and solve the bandwidth allocation problem for D2D users choosing cooperative relay transmission mode, and coalition formation game theory is used to solve the uplink frequency sharing problem between D2D users and CUs through a new defined "Selfish order". Through theoretical analysis, we obtain the closed Nash bargaining solution under CUs' rate constraints, and prove the stability of the formatted coalition. Simulation results show that the proposed resource allocation approach achieves better performance on resource allocation fairness, with only little sacrifice on the system sum rates.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.27-43
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• 2019

This paper examines spillover effects of R&D investment in the ICT industry to other industries by analyzing panel data composed of 6 manufacturing industries for the period of 1983~2011. Major findings are as follows; (1) The increase of R&D investment in ICT industry has a significantly positive relationship with the increase in the value-added of the remaining 5 industries with 3~10 year lags, depending on the source of R&D funds and R&D stage. (2) More specifically, public R&D shows the spillover effects during 3~7-year lag periods, whereas private R&D started to exert spillover effects from 9-year lag. The result implies that the public R&D appropriately targets projects with more spillover effects. (3) Basic research, applied research, and development showed the spillover effects for the period of 9~10, 7~10, and 10-year lag, respectively. (4) The R&D investment in 5 other industries such as machinery, chemicals, and materials does not have positive spillover effects to the remaining industries. Few studies have been done to analyze the R&D spillover effects to other industries, with certain limitations. This study contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the spillover effects of the different R&D funds and R&D stages, and by considering various time-lag effects.