• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2024

Cavier is graded as Beluga, Osetra, and Sevruga based on the species of sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis). In this study, we developed an analytical method for determining the grade of black caviar using DNA barcodes and KASP markers. To identify the sturgeon species, ten black caviar samples were collected, and a reference DNA barcode library was developed using five genes (namely, 16S ribosomal RNA, cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, cytochrome c oxidase subunit II, and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 genes). To develop the KASP markers, we selected 11 markers that could distinguish between the five grades of black caviar. As a result, specific markers for each of the targeted caviars were clustered into FAM-positive sections. DNA barcoding and the KASP assay revealed that one Beluga, six Osetra, and three Sevruga were identified among the ten caviar samples. Moreover, we found that the sturgeon species were mislabeled in two products. Here, we aimed to develop a KASP assay based on SNP that allows rapid and easy identification of caviar grade. These methods are expected to contribute to preventing the distribution of illegal products.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.331-349
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• 1996

Cytochrome P45O is an oxidase involved in oxidation of alcohol and is known to be an activator of carcinogen. The present study was performed to study the effect of alcohol and cold stress on the expression of Cytochrome P450 IIEl (CYPIIE1) In the liver and salivary glands in rats by an immunoblot analysis. Sixteen rats were divided into 4 groups; 1)rats belonging to group I were allowed to take 15%(v/v) ethyl alcohol as a drink ad libitum: 2)rats of group II were bathed in cold water for 30 sec twice a day (during the one-week experiment); 3)rats comprising group III were received alcohol and cold stress as described above; 4)rats of group IV were selected as a control. The rat were sacrificed at the end of the one-week experiment. The livers and parotid and submandibular salivary glands were removed and stored at -2$0^{\circ}C$ until use. The stored organs were homogenized for 10 sec and the supernatants were obtained by centrifugation. The proteins of the supernatants were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subjected to Western blotting. The blotted membranes were incubated with polyclonal antibodies to CYPIIEI . The obtained results were as follows : 1. The expression of CYPIIEl was apparently negative in the liver and salivary glands of group IV, wheras its expression was marked in the experiment groups I, II. and III. 2. No difference in the expression of CYPIIEl in the liver and salivary glands was observed between the experiment groups I, II, and III. 3. Among the experiment groups, the expression of CYPIIE1 in the liver was much greater than in the salivary glands. The expression of CYPIIE1 in the submandibular gland was weakly positive but was greater than in the carotid gland.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.510-522
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• 2008

To construct the molecular systematics of the genus Megoura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), DNA based-identification was performed using four mitochondrial and three nuclear DNA regions: partial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), partial tRNA-leucine + cytochrome c oxidase II (tRNA/COII), cytochrome b (CytB), partial 12S rRNA + tRNA-valine + 16S rRNA (12S/16S), elongation factor-1 alpha ($EF1{\alpha}$), and the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1, ITS2). Pairwise sequence divergences between taxa were compared, and phylogenetic analyses were performed based on each DNA region separately, and the combined datasets. COI, CytB, $EF1{\alpha}$, ITS1, and ITS2 were relatively effective in determining species and resolving their relationships. By contrast, the sequences of tRNA/COII and 12S/16S were not able to separate the closely related species. CytB and $EF1{\alpha}$ gave better resolution with higher average sequence divergences (4.7% for CytB, 5.2% for $EF1{\alpha}$). The sequence divergence of COI (3.0%) was moderate, and those of the two ITS regions (1.8% for ITS1, 2.0% for ITS2) were very low. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. The results indicated that the phylogenetic relationships between Megoura species were associated with their host preferences. Megoura brevipilosa and M. lespedezae living on Lespedeza were closely related, and M. nigra, monophagous on Vicia venosa, was rather different from M. crassicauda, M. litoralis, and M. viciae, which are oligophagous on Lathyrus and Vicia. The three populations of M. crassicauda formed a clade separated from M. litoralis and M. viciae. Nevertheless M. litoralis and M. viciae, which are morphologically similar, were not separated due to negligible sequence divergence. We discuss the phylogenetic relationships of the Megoura, and the usefulness of the seven DNA regions for determining the species level phylogeny of aphids.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2010

The subfamily Murinae is a very controversial group concerning their phylogenetic relationship. Previous studies could not resolve phylogeny among four genera Apodemus, Micromys, Mus and Rattus of the Muridae. In the present study, eight rodent species resident in South Korea were collected and phylogenetically analyzed based on sequence data of five mitochondrial and nuclear DNA regions: 12S rRNA, cytochrome b gene (cyt b), cytochrome oxidase II (COII), control region of mitochondrial DNA, and a thyroglobulin (Tg) of nuclear DNA. According to the phylogeny of the concatenated data, M. musculus separated early in Murinae (ML 100%; BA 1.00 pp) and the genus Rattus grouped with the harvest mouse, M. minutes; these were separated from the genus Apodemus with relatively strong support (ML 74%; BA 0.76 pp). The Siberian chipmunk population was also examined using the five genes to obtain better resolution. The phylogeny for Korean rodents determined using the 12S rRNA, cyt b, COII and control regions discriminated the Siberian chipmunk populations from Korea, Russia, and China.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.835-845
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• 2018

We studied the role of ethylene control in regulating energy metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activity, and vase life of cut rose Rosa hybrida 'Carola'. Rose flowers at stage II were sprayed with one of the following solutions: water (control), $10{\mu}L\;L^{-1}$ 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), or $0.5g\;L^{-1}$ 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (ethephon). After harvest, ethylene production rate, respiration intensity, energy charge (EC), activities of energy metabolism-related and antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. Results showed that 1-MCP enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, $H^+$-adenosine triphosphatase, $Ca^{2+}$-adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase, increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, maintained high EC levels, inhibited respiration intensity, reduced peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and MDA accumulation, and prolonged vase life. Ethephon promoted ethylene production and respiration intensity, increased POD and PPO activity, reduced ATP content and EC levels, and accelerated senescence. Our results support a novel role for ethylene control in regulating senescence of 'Carola'.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.190-193
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• 2016

In 2010 and 2012, damping-off symptoms were found on melon seedlings grown in Yeongam and Suncheon, Korea. Water-soaked and discolored lesions appeared on the lower stems of the infected plants. The diseased plants became wilted and stunted, and eventually collapsed. On the basis of morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and cytochrome oxidase II (cox2) sequences, the causal organism was identified as Pythium spinosum. The isolates were pathogenic to melon under pot conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. spinosum causing damping-off on melon in Korea.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.87-93
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• 1999

Antioxidative and scavenging effects were investigated by using two hyaroxycinnamic acids (caffeetannins). such as caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, on oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity that induced by paraquat. The results are summerized as follows: 1. To assess radical scavenging ability, reduction concentration (IC$\sub$50/) of 1.1 diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazine (DPPH) were measured. IC$\sub$50/ values of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid were 29.7 ${\pm}$0.6 ${\mu}$M and 26.0${\pm}$0.5 ${\mu}$M respectively. Their radical scavenging activities showed concentration-dependent manner. 2. In H$_2$O$_2$-induced hemolysis assay to rat blood, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid led to different effects, whose hemolysis inhibition ratios at 100 ${\mu}$M were 45.2${\pm}$7.1% and 11.6${\pm}$3.1% respectively 3. In hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase system producing superoxide anion, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid showed different inhibitory activities of xanthine oxidase showing 36.8${\pm}$4.3% and 5.4${\pm}$2.3% respectively. 4. To microsomal NADPH dependent cytochrome p-450 reductase in rat liver, paraquat consumed NADPH at a dose-dependent manner from 0 to 1 ${\mu}$M paraquat concentration. Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid blocked NADPH consumption rates at concentration-dependent manner and inhibition ratios at 100 ${\mu}$M were 67.6% and 59.2% respectively. 5. Administration (30mg/kg, iv) of paraquat to rats caused the marked elevation of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lipid peroxides (LPO) in the serum and lipid peroxides in the microsome as compared to the control group. Serum GOT, GPT, LDH, ALP and LPO and liver microsomal LPO were reduced significantly by caffeic acid (50mg/kg), chlorogenic acid (25mg/kg) and silymarin (150 mg/kg) as compared to the paraquat group. From these results, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid exerted their antioxidative agents by removing reactive oxygen substance (ROS) and scavenging effects by inhibiting ROS generating enzyme. As a general, two hydroxyeinnamic acids showed the useful compounds for scavenger and reducer on the paraquat induced hepatotoxicity.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.689-710
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• 1999

Bobitang(BBT) is one of the most important prescription that has been used in oriental medicine(dongyibogam) for recovering spleen condition. The study was done to evaluate effects of BBT water extract on the spleen lipid peroxide content and metabolic enzyme system changes. After pretreatment of BBT I (100mg/kg), BBT II(250mg/kg), BBT III(350mg/kg), BBT IV(500mg/kg) for 1 week, lipid peroxide content and metabolic enzyme system changes of the spleen was measured in 8 months rats. The results were obtained as follows : 1. The content of spleen lipid peroxide was significantly decreased in all experimental groups as compared with control, and best in BBT III IV treated groups. 2. The activity of spleen superoxide generation was significantly decreased in all experimental groups as compared with control, and best in BBT IV III treated groups. 3. The activity of cytochrome P-450 and aminopyrine demethylase wasn't significant change. 4. The activity of aniline hydroxylase was significantly decreased in BBT IV II treated groups, xanthine oxidase was significantly decreased in all experimental groups, aldehyde oxidase was significantly decreased in BBT IV treated group as compared with control. 5. The activity of antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased in all experimental groups as compared with control. 6. The activity of glutathion S-transferase was significantly increased in all experimental groups, the concentration of spleen glutathione was significantly increased in BBT IV treated group as compared with control. 7. The activity of ${\gamma}$ -glutamylcystein synthetase was significantly increased in BBT III IV I treated groups as compared with control, the activity of glutathione reductase wasn't significant change. From the above results, BBT is cosidered to have effect of remove peroxide content and free radical that was made during ageing process. It is expected that treatment of BBT can be applied in future clinical study of delaying the ageing process.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.469-477
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• 2012

Ostrinia larvae feed the pods and stem of red bean and seriously damage the bean production from farmers. In this study we investigated biological and developmental characteristics including field collection, host feeding preference, artificial rearing diet, morphological and molecular taxonomical identification, and pheromone analysis for an Ostrinia sp. in Korea. The male adults have massive tibia in the middle legs and 3-lobed uncus in the genitalia. The partial nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and II (COII) were not corresponded to those DNA sequences from other Ostrinia species reported previously in Japan and China. Host plants for this species are also different from the previous species reported. In the gas chromatography (GC) analyses, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate was not detected from the pheromone gland of our species while the component as a sex pheromone was found in O. zaguliaevi and O. zealis, With taken results, we conclude this Ostrinia species in Korea is Ostrinia scapulalis or closely related species. When larvae collected in a fall were incubated in the outdoor condition, they emerged to adult between June and July in the next year. The result indicates that the winter diapause could be started in late larval stage. In addition, we developed a semi-synthetic artificial diet adopted for mass rearing of the O. scapulalis in laboratory.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 1997

Cytochrome P450 is an oxidase involved in oxidation of alcohol and is known to be an activator of carcinogen. The present study was perfomed to analyze the effect of diabetes and cold stress on the expression of Cytochrome P450 IIE1(CYPIIE1) in the liver and salivary glands in rats by an immunoblot analysis. Sixty three divided into 4 groups; 1) 20 rats belonging to group I were allowed diabetes (40mg/kg. I.V.) 2) 20 rats of group II were bathed in cold water for 30 seconds twice a day 3) 20 rats comprising group III were received diabetes and cold stress as described above 4) 3 rats of group IV were selected as a control. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the same day 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks experiment. The liver and parotid glands were removed and stored at $-70^{\circ}C$ until use. The stored organs were homogenized for 10 seconds and the supernatants were obtained by centrifugation. The proteins of the supernatants were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subjected to Western blotting. The blotted membranes were incubated with polyclonal antibodies to CYPIIE1. And sepimens were observed with light microscope also under the Hematoxillin-Eosin staining. The obtained results were as follows : 1. In diabetes group, acini had changed to degeneration severely 1 week experiment, but repaired gradually in lapse of time. 2. In diabetes group, septal connective tissue had changed to degeneration little by little from 1 week after experiment, and progressed severely in lapse of time. 3. In stress group, acini had not changed remarkably, but slightly separated each other 3 weeks after experiment. 4. In diabetes and stress group, histological feature had changed remarkably campare with in the group of diabetes only. 5. In all experimental group, CTPIIE1 had expressed remarkably in the liver tissue, but not in the parotid gland tissues. 6. In diabetes and stress group, CYPIIE1 had expressed remarkably campare with in the group of diabetes only.