• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.121-129
• /
• 2016

As the lifespan of concrete structures increases, their load carrying capacity decreases owing to cyclic loads and long-term effects such as creep and shrinkage. For these reasons, there is a necessity for stress state monitoring of concrete members. Particularly, it is necessary to evaluate the concrete structures for behavioral changes by using a technique that can overcome the measuring limitations of usual ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation methods. This paper proposes the use of a nonlinear ultrasonic method, namely, nonlinear resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy (NRUS) for the measurement of nonlinearity parameters for stress monitoring. An experiment compared the use of NRUS method and a linear ultrasonic method, namely, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) to study the effects of continuously increasing loads and cyclic loads on the nonlinearity parameter. Both NRUS and UPV methods found a similar direct relationship between load level and that parameter. The NRUS method showed a higher sensitivity to micro-structural changes of concrete than UPV method. Thus, the experiment confirms the possibility of using the nonlinear ultrasonic method for stress state monitoring of concrete members.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 1995

Isothermal and thermal-mechanical fatigue characteristics of 12Cr heat resisting steel used for high temperature applications were investigated including hold time effects. Isothermal low cycle fatigue test at $600^{\circ}C$ and in-phase, out-of-phase thermal-mechanical fatigue test at 350 to $600^{\circ}C$ were conducted using smooth cylindrical hollow specimen under strain-control with total strain ranges from 0.006 to 0.015. Regardless of thermal-mechanical and isothermal fatigue tests, cyclic softening behavior was observed and much more pronounced in the thermal-mechanical fatigue tests with hold times due to the stress relaxation during the hold time. The phase difference between temperature and strain in thermal-mechanical fatigue tests resulted in significantly shorter fatigue life for out-of-phase compared to in-phase. The differences in fatigue lives were dependent upon the magnitudes of plastic strain ranges and mean stresses. During the hold time in the strain-controlled fatigue tests, the increase in the plastic strain range and the stress relaxation were observed. It appeared that the increase in plastic strain range per cycle and the introduction of creep damage made important contributions to the reduction of thermal-mechanical fatigue life with hold time, and the life reduction tendency was more remarkable in the in-phase than in the out-of-phase thermal-mechanical fatigue. Isothermal fatigue tests performed under the combination of fast and slow strain rates at $600^{\circ}C$ showed that the fatigue life decreased as the strain rate and frequency decreased,especially for the low strain ranges.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.144-156
• /
• 1996

The deformation behaviors under uniaxial compressive cyclic loading were investigated for fresh rocks and freeze-thaw cycled samples. The Pocheon granite which is one of the most popular building stone in Korea was selected for tests. 0.5 Hz and 50% of dynamic strength were used as test conditions for frequency and fatigue span, respectively. For freezethaw procedure, sample were frozen for 3 hours under the temperature of -2$0^{\circ}C$ and then followed 3 hours thawing under the temperature of +2$0^{\circ}C$. Twenty seven samples were used as untreated and seventy three for freeze-thaw samples. No failure occurred up to 15000 cycles at the stress level of 60% of dynamic strength, indicating that the lowest strees level for fatigue failure may be around 60% of dynamic strength. Permanent strain and damping capacity curves show that there were three stages when rock behaves like under creep. Young's moduli were increased and Possion's ratios were decreased with the increase of the number of cycles. Possion's ratios varied more rapidly than Young's moduli did with the increase of the number of cycles. This may represent that most microcracks developed by fatigue stress are parallel to the axis of loading. The deformation behavior of freeze-thaw cycled samples were almost the same as that of untreated samples. However, the result of freeze-thaw cycled samples showed lower regression constant, indicating that the physical durability of rock is much lowered because of cyclic temperature variation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.263-271
• /
• 1991

When grains is subjected to oscillating load, the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of the material will be describe the complex modulus of the material. The complex modulus and therefore the storage modulus, the loss modulus, and the phase angle for the sample should be obtainable with a given static viscoelastic property of the material under static load. The complex relaxation moduli of the rough rice kernel were computed from the Burger's model describing creep behavior of the material which were obtained in the previous study. Also, the effects of cyclic load and moisture content of grain on the dynamic viscoelastic behavior of the samples were analized. The storage modulus of the rough rice kernel slightly increased with the frequency applied but at above the frequency of 0.1 Hz it was nearly constant with the frequency, and the loss modulus of the sample very rapidly decreased with increase in the frequency on those frequency ranges. It was shown that the storage modulus and the loss modulus of the sample increased with decrease in grain moisture content. Effect of grain moisture content on the storage modulus of the sample was highly significant than effect of the frequency applied, but effect of the frequency on the loss modulus of the sample was more significant than effect of grain moisture content.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
• /
• v.27 no.8
• /
• pp.1398-1408
• /
• 2003

Tensile and LCF(low cycle fatigue) tests were carried out in air at wide temperature range 20$^{\circ}C$-750$^{\circ}C$ and strain rates of 1${\times}$10$\^$-4//s-1${\times}$10$\^$-2/ to ascertain the influence of strain rate on tensile and LCF properties of prior cold worked 316L stainless steel, especially focused on the DSA(dynamic strain aging) regime. Dynamic strain aging induced the change of tensile properties such as strength and ductility in the temperature region 250$^{\circ}C$-600$^{\circ}C$ and this temperature region well coincided with the negative strain rate sensitivity regime. Cyclic stress response at all test conditions was characterized by the initial hardening during a few cycles, followed by gradual softening until final failure. Temperature and strain rate dependence on cyclic softening behavior appears to result from the change of the cyclic plastic deformation mechanism and DSA effect. The DSA regimes between tensile and LCF loading conditions in terms of the negative strain rate sensitivity were well consistent with each other. The drastic reduction in fatigue resistance at elevated temperature was observed, and it was attributed to the effects of oxidation, creep and dynamic strain aging or interactions among them. Especially, in the DSA regime, dynamic strain aging accelerated the reduction of fatigue resistance by enhancing crack initiation and propagation.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.98-111
• /
• 1995

High temperature low cycle fatigue shows that cycle-dependent crack growth owing to cyclic plastic deformation occurred simultaneosly with time-dependent crack growth owing to intergranular deformation. Consequently, to estimate crack growth rate uniquely, many to investigators have proposed various kinds of parameters and theories but these could not produce satisfactory results. Therefore the goal of this study is focused on prediction of crack growth rate using predominant damage rule, linear cumulative damage rule and transitional parameter ${\Delta}J_c/{\Delta}J_f$. On the basis of these sinusoidal loading waveform at 600$^{\circ}C$ and 700$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Applied Reliability
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.45-55
• /
• 2007

In this study, two types of fatigue tests were conducted. Firs, cyclic bending tests were performed using the micro-bending tester. Second, thermal fatigue tests were conducted using a pseudo power cycling machine which was newly developed for a realistic testing condition. A three-dimensional finite element analysis model was constructed. A finite element analysis using ABAQUS was performed to extract the applied stress and strain in the solder joints. Creep deformation was dominant in thermal fatigue and plastic deformation was main parameter for bending failure. From the inelastic energy dissipation per cycle versus fatigue life curve, it can be found that the bending fatigue life is longer than the thermal fatigue life.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2010

It is very important to select carefully backfill materials and build for the structural integrity of abutment in bridge. In general, backfill materials of unbound crushed stones (SB-1) are used to provide the safety of abutment structure and to reduce differential settlement around abutment that is significantly related with performance of road pavement under working conditions. In this study, to evaluate the compatibility of backfill materials at abutment and to develop the abutment design program, i) basic properties of subgrade soils in Korea, ii) evaluation of deformational characteristics of backfill materials from RC/TS tests, cyclic TX tests and Creep tests were accomplished.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 1992.04a
• /
• pp.126-130
• /
• 1992

Recently, fatigue problem become a critical issue in the design of prestressed concrete bridges due to the increase of traffic volumes and use of high-strength materials. Most existing studies are mainly concerned with the fatigue behavior of component materials only such as concrete, reinforcing bars, and prestressing steels and few studies exist that deals with the fatigue behavior of bridge members. An improved analytic formulation for both uncracked and cracked prestressed concrete composite section with cyclic creep effect is developed to take into account the change of neutral axis with crack propagation. The procedure also enables to investigate serviceability limit states, deflection and crack width. The present study allows more realistic analysis and design of prestressed concrete composite girder bridges under fatigue loadings.

• Proceedings of the International Microelectronics And Packaging Society Conference
• /
• 2002.05a
• /
• pp.79-84
• /
• 2002

The bottom-leaded plastic(BLP) packages have attracted substantial attention since its appearance in the electronic industry. Since the solder materials have relatively low creep resistance and are susceptible to low cycle fatigue, the life of the solder joints under the thermal loading is a critical issue for the reliability The represent study established a finite element model for the analysis of the solder joint reliability under thermal cyclic loading. An elasto-plastic constitutive relation was adopted for solder materials in the modeling and analysis. A 28-pin BLP assembly is modeled to investigate the effects of various epoxy molding compound, leadframe materials on solder joint reliability. The fatigue life of solder joint is estimated by the modified Coffin-Hanson equation. The two coefficients in the equation are also determined. A new design for lead is also evaluated by using finite element analysis. Parametric studies have been conducted to investigate the dependence of solder joint fatigue life on various package materials.