• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1597-1604
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• 2012

Genus Bacillus is a spore-forming bacterium that has unique properties in cell differentiation, allowing the forming of spores in stress conditions and activated in the vegetative cell, with suitable environments occurring during the life cycle acting as a trigger. Their habitat is mainly in soil; thus, many species of Bacillus are associated with plants as well as rhizosphere bacteria and endophytic bacteria. Signal transduction is the principal mechanism of interactions, both within the cell community and with the external environment, which provides the subsequent functions or properties for the cell. The antimicrobial compounds of Bacillus sp. are potentially useful products, which have been used in agriculture for the inhibition of phytopathogens, for the stimulation of plant growth, and in the food industry as probiotics. There are two systems for the synthesis of these substances: nonribosomal synthesis of cyclic lipopeptides (NRPS) and polyketides (PKS). For each group, the structures, properties, and genes of the main products are described. The different compounds described and the way in which they co-exist exhibit the relationship of Bacillus substances to plants, humans, and animals.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2016

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are applied in structural health monitoring (SHM) in various application fields because of their ease of multiplexing and capability of performing absolute measurements. Moreover, the packaging methods of FBG sensors accelerate their commercialization rapidly. However, long-term SHM exposes the FBG sensors to cyclic thermal loads, and a investigation is required because it finally leads to the signal instability of the FBG sensors. In this study, the effects of sensor packaging methods two methods are generally used for the FBGs: (bonding both sides of the FBG or bonding the FBG directly on signal stability of FBG sensors are investigated. Tests are conducted on specimens in a thermal chamber, over a temperature range from $-20^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$ for 300 cycles. Signal characteristics such as Bragg wavelength, light intensity and full width at half maximum are examined and are compared with those of the FBG sensors, obtained in a previous study under direct bonding conditions. From the comparison, it is observed that the FBG sensors with bonding on both sides of the FBG demonstrate higher signal stabilities when exposed to cyclic thermal loads during long-term SHM. Consequently, it guarantees more effectiveness when packaging the FBG sensors.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.144-152
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• 2007

Conventional research works on the classification of the heart sound signal have been done mainly with the artificial neural networks. But the analysis results on the statistical characteristic of the heart sound signal have shown that the HMM is suitable for modeling the heart sound signal. In this paper, we model the various heart sound signals representing different heart diseases with the HMM and find that the classification rate is much affected by the clustering of the heart sound signal. Also, the heart sound signal acquired in real environments is a continuous signal without any specified starting and ending points of time. Hence, for the classification based on the HMM, the continuous cyclic heart sound signal needs to be manually segmented to obtain isolated cycles of the signal. As the manual segmentation will incur the errors in the segmentation and will not be adequate for real time processing, we propose a variant of the ergodic HMM which does not need segmentation procedures. Simulation results show that the proposed method successfully classifies continuous heart sounds with high accuracy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 1993

There are many report suggesting that influx and intracellular calcium concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ are related to cell signalling in various cells. However, it has not been reported that calcium channel activation is affected by the substances involved in signal transduction pathways in the mouse eggs. In this study, the effects of isoprenaline (ISP) and cyclic AMP on calcium influx through calcium channels were investigated to show their relationship with the signal transduction process in unfertilized mouse eggs. Using whole cell voltage clamp techniques, calcium currents, elicited by the depolarizing pulses of 300 ms duration (from -50 mV to 50 mV in 10 mV increments) from a holding potential of -80 mV, were recorded. The current-voltage (I-V) relation of calcium currents was shown to be bell-shaped; the current began to activate at -50 mV and reached its maximum $(-1.33{\pm}0.16\;nA:\;mean{\pm}S.E.,\;n=7)$ at -10 mV, then decayed at around 50 mV. Calcium currents were fully activated within $7\;ms{\sim}20\;ms$ and completely inactivated 200 ms after onset of the step pulse. ISP within the concentration ranges of $10^{-8}\;M{\sim}10^{-4}\;M$ dose-dependently increased the amplitude calcium current. The permeable cyclic AMP analogue,8-bromocyclic AMP, also increased its maximal amplitude by 46ft at $10^{-5}\;M$, while protein kinase inhibitor (PKI), which is known to inhibit 0.02 phosphorylating units of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) per microgram decreased calcium currents. Currents recorded in the presence of PKI were resistant to increase by the application of $10^{-5}\;M$. Also, PKI inhibited the calcium current increase elicited by ISP treatment. These results suggest that $\beta-adrenergic$ regulation of the calcium channel is mediated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. This signal transduction pathway might play a role in regulating $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, level due to the increase of calcium influx in mouse eggs.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.4 no.9
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• pp.321-326
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• 2015

In this paper, we proposed an algorithm which could transmit reliable data between smart devices by using inaudible high frequency of audible frequency range and cyclic redundancy check method. The proposed method uses 18 kHz~22 kHz as high frequency which inner speaker of smart device can make a sound in audible frequency range (20 Hz~22 kHz). To increase transmission quantity of data, we send mixed various frequencies at high frequency range 1 (18.0 kHz~21.2 kHz). At the same time, to increase accuracy of transmission data, we send some mixed frequencies at high frequency range 2 (21.2 kHz~22.0 kHz) as checksum. We did experiments about data transmission between smart devices by using the proposed method to confirm data transmission speed and accuracy of the proposed method. From the experiments, we showed that the proposed method could transmit 32 bits data in 235 ms, the transmission success rate was 99.47%, and error detection by using cyclic redundancy check was 0.53%. Therefore, the proposed method will be a useful for wireless transmission technology between smart devices.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.239-252
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• 2008

For orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), cyclic prefix (CP) should be longer than the length of channel impulse response, resulting in a loss of bandwidth efficiency. In this paper, we describe a new technique to restore the cyclicity of the received signal when the CP is not sufficient for OFDM systems. The proposed technique efficiently restores the cyclicity of the current received symbol by adding the weighted next received symbol to the current received symbol. Iterative CP reconstruction (CPR) procedure, based on the residual intersymbol interference cancellation (RISIC) algorithm, is analyzed and compared to the RISIC. In addition, we apply the CPR method to Alamouti space-time block coded (STBC) OFDM system. It is shown that in the STBC OFDM, tail cancellation as well as cyclic reconstruction of the CPR procedure should be repeated. The computational complexities of the RISIC, the proposed CPR, the RISIC with STBC, and the proposed CPR with STBC are analyzed and their performances are evaluated in multipath fading environments. We also propose an iterative channel estimation (CE) method for OFDM with insufficient CP. Further, we discuss the CE method for the STBC OFDM system with the CPR. It is shown that the CPR technique with the proposed CE method minimizes the loss of bandwidth efficiency due to the use of CP, without sacrificing the diversity gain of the STBC OFDM system.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.2637-2642
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• 2015

The low-density parity check(LDPC) code is being widely used due to its outperformed error-correction ability. The decoder of the quasi-cyclic LDPC(QC-LDPC) codes, a kind of LDPC codes, requires a multi-size cyclic shifter(MSCS) performing rotation of various sizes. The MSCS can be implemented with a Benes network, which requires a $3{\times}3$ switch if the number of data to be rotated is a multiple of 3. This paper proposes a control signal generation with lower complexity and a faster $3{\times}3$ switch. For the experiment, the proposed schemes are applied to the MSCS of an IEEE 802.16e WiMAX QC-LDPC code decoder. The result shows that the delay is reduced by about 8.7%.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2016

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are currently the most prevalent sensors because of their unique advantages such as ease of multiplexing and capability of performing absolute measurements. They are applied to various structures for structural health monitoring (SHM). The signal characteristics of FBG sensors under thermal loading should be investigated to enhance the reliability of these sensors, because they are exposed to certain cyclic thermal loads due to temperature changes resulting from change of seasons, when they are applied to structures for SHM. In this study, tests on specimens are conducted in a thermal chamber with temperature changes from -$20^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$ for 300 cycles. For the specimens, two types of base materials and adhesives that are normally used in the manufacture of packaged FBG sensors are selected. From the test results, it is confirmed that the FBG sensors undergo some degree of compressive strain under cyclic thermal load; this can lead to measurement errors. Hence, a pre-calibration is necessary before applying these sensors to structures for long-term SHM.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.435-440
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• 2011

This paper propose the method of constructing the highly efficiency adder and multiplier systems over finite fields. The addition arithmetic operation over finite field is simple comparatively because that addition arithmetic operation is analyzed by each digit modP summation independently. But in case of multiplication arithmetic operation, we generate maximum k=2m-2 degree of ${\alpha}^k$ terms, therefore we decrease k into m-1 degree using irreducible primitive polynomial. We propose two method of control signal generation for the purpose of performing above decrease process. One method is the combinational logic expression and the other method is universal signal generation. The proposed method of constructing the highly adder/multiplier systems is as following. First of all, we obtain algorithms for addition and multiplication arithmetic operation based on the mathematical properties over finite fields, next we construct basic cell of A-cell and M-cell using T-gate and modP cyclic gate. Finally we construct adder module and multiplier module over finite fields after synthesizing ${\alpha}^k$ generation module and control signal CSt generation module with A-cell and M-cell. Next, we constructing the arithmetic operation unit over finite fields. Then, we propose the future research and prospects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.342-349
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• 2019

We describe and anlayzes the methodology and implementation results of H / W configuration and signal characteristics analysis algorithm for analyzing equipment for analyzing OFDMA physical layer based on 802.16e. Recently, demand for signal analysis of instruments that analyze these signals with the development of digital communication signals is rapidly increasing. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop signal analysis equipment capable of analyzing characteristics of a broadband communication signal using a wideband digital signal processing module. In this paper, we have studied the basic theory of OFDMA in order to devise a device capable of analyzing characterisitcs of broadband communication signals. Second, the structure of OFDMA transmitter/receiver was examined. Third, a wideband digitizer was implemented. we design Wimax signal analysis algorithm based on OFDMA among broadband communication methods and propose Wimax physical layer analysis S/W implementation through I, Q signals. The IF downconverter used the receiver module and the LO generation module of the spectrum analyzer. Quantitative analysis result is obtained through the algorithm of Wimax signal analysis by I, Q data.