• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.484-494
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• 2017

In industrial plants such as nuclear power plants, system operations are performed by embedded controllers orchestrated by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) software. A targeted attack (also termed a control aware attack) on the controller/SCADA software can lead a control system to operate in an unsafe mode or sometimes to complete shutdown of the plant. Such malware attacks can result in tremendous cost to the organization for recovery, cleanup, and maintenance activity. SCADA systems in operational mode generate huge log files. These files are useful in analysis of the plant behavior and diagnostics during an ongoing attack. However, they are bulky and difficult for manual inspection. Data mining techniques such as least squares approximation and computational methods can be used in the analysis of logs and to take proactive actions when required. This paper explores methodologies and algorithms so as to develop an effective monitoring scheme against control aware cyber attacks. It also explains soft computation techniques such as the computational geometric method and least squares approximation that can be effective in monitor design. This paper provides insights into diagnostic monitoring of its effectiveness by attack simulations on a four-tank model and using computation techniques to diagnose it. Cyber security of instrumentation and control systems used in nuclear power plants is of paramount importance and hence could be a possible target of such applications.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.480-497
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• 2012

As a new business concept, machine-to-machine (M2M) communications are born from original telemetry technology with the intrinsic features of automatic data transmissions and measurement from remote sources typically by cable or radio. M2M includes a number of technologies that need to be combined in a compatible manner to enable its deployment over a broad market of consumer electronics. In order to provide better understanding for this emerging concept, the correlations among M2M, wireless sensor networks, cyber-physical systems (CPS), and internet of things are first analyzed in this paper. Then, the basic M2M architecture is introduced and the key elements of the architecture are presented. Furthermore, the progress of global M2M standardization is reviewed, and some representative applications (i.e., smart home, smart grid and health care) are given to show that the M2M technologies are gradually utilized to benefit people's life. Finally, a novel M2M system integrating intelligent road with unmanned vehicle is proposed in the form of CPS, and an example of cyber-transportation systems for improving road safety and efficiency are introduced.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.5 no.11
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• pp.1891-1908
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• 2011

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are an emerging discipline that involves engineered computing and communicating systems interfacing the physical world. The widespread applications of CPSs still face enormous challenges because of the lack of theoretical foundations. In this technical survey, we review state-of-the-art design techniques from various angles. The aim of this work is to provide a better understanding of this emerging multidisciplinary methodology. The features of CPSs are described, and the research progress is analyzed using the following aspects: energy management, network security, data transmission and management, model-based design, control technique, and system resource allocation. We focus on CPS resource optimization, and propose a system performance optimization model with resource constraints. In addition, some classic applications (e.g., integrating intelligent road with unmanned vehicle) are provided to show that the prospects of CPSs are promising. Furthermore, research challenges and suggestions for future work are outlined in brief.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.139-142
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• 2018

최근, Industry과 IoT 기기의 보급으로 인하여 수많은 센서와 액추에이터, 모바일 기기 등이 Cyber-Physical System을 통해 네트워크와 연결되며, 더 효율적인 시스템을 요규한다. 이를 위하여, EdgeX와 SDN을 활용하여 빠르고 효율적인 네트워크 서비스를 제공한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 CPS 기반의 Reinforcement Learning을 활용한 Rotary Inverted Pendulum System을 통해 실시간으로 빠르고 안전한 네트워크 서비스를 제공할 수 CPS 아키텍처를 구현한다.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.585-598
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• 2019

A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a new mechanism controlled or monitored by computer algorithms that intertwine physical and software components. Advanced persistent threats (APTs) represent stealthy, powerful, and well-funded attacks against CPSs; they integrate physical processes and have recently become an active research area. Existing offensive and defensive processes for APTs in CPSs are usually modeled by incomplete information game theory. However, honeypots, which are effective security vulnerability defense mechanisms, have not been widely adopted or modeled for defense against APT attacks in CPSs. In this study, a honeypot game-theoretical model considering both low- and high-interaction modes is used to investigate the offensive and defensive interactions, so that defensive strategies against APTs can be optimized. In this model, human analysis and honeypot allocation costs are introduced as limited resources. We prove the existence of Bayesian Nash equilibrium strategies and obtain the optimal defensive strategy under limited resources. Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in obtaining the optimal defensive effect.

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.63-78
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• 2022

Electronics industrial wastewater treatment facilities release organic wastewaters containing high concentrations of organic pollutants and more than 20 toxic non-biodegradable pollutants. One of the major challenges of the fourth industrial revolution era for the electronics industry is how to treat electronics industrial wastewater efficiently. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an electronics industrial wastewater modeling technique that can evaluate the removal efficiency of organic pollutants, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), by digital twinning an electronics industrial organic wastewater treatment facility in a cyber physical system (CPS). In this study, an electronics industrial wastewater activated sludge model (e-ASM) was developed based on the theoretical reaction rates for the removal mechanisms of electronics industrial wastewater considering the growth and decay of micro-organisms. The developed e-ASM can model complex biological removal mechanisms, such as the inhibition of nitrification micro-organisms by non-biodegradable organic pollutants including TMAH, as well as the oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification processes. The proposed e-ASM can be implemented as a Water Digital Twin for real electronics industrial wastewater treatment systems and be utilized for process modeling, effluent quality prediction, process selection, and design efficiency across varying influent characteristics on a CPS.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

In this paper, we consider the algorithms and numerical analysis for real-time integrated control system and resource management of large-scale manufacturing smart factory system. There various data transmitted on Cyber-Physical-System (CPS) is necessary to control in real time, as well as the terminal and the platform with respective system service. This will be a true smart manufacturing which consisting of existing research results, and a numerical analysis by the parameter-specific information. In this paper, Jacoby calculation to reflect the optimization algorithms that are newly proposed. It also presents a behavior that optimal operational algorithm on CPS which is adapted to the sensing data. In addition, we also verify the excellence of the real-time integrated control system through experimentation, by comparison with the existing research results.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.173-180
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• 2019

As the 4^th Industrial Revolution(Industry 4.0), symbolized as CPS(Cyber Physical System), spreads around the world, it is essential to establish a converged security infrastructure to secure technical stability and reliability of various cyber systems to be implemented in the future. In this study, we will investigate the phenomenon of broad convergence security industry and technology including the concept of life safety in relation to the spread of the 4^th industrial revolution, and analyze the possibility of linkage between related knowledge to promote academic-industrial cooperation necessary for the convergence of security. we would like to propose a comprehensive development policy on human resource development, technology development and policy improvement.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

스마트팩토리의 세계시장 규모가 2015년 약 177조에서 2020년 약 437조까지 년 평균 20%씩 성장할 것으로 한 보고서는 예측하였다. 한국은 스마트팩토리 보급을 위해 2020년까지 스마트공장을 1만개까지 확산시킨다는 계획이다. 스마트팩토리의 핵심기술은 IoT와 사이버물리시스템(Cyber Physical System: CPS)으로 구성되고 이에 필요한 핵심 하드웨어는 센서소자/모듈, 무선 센서네트워크로 구성된다. 중소기업을 위한 스마트팩토리의 기본적인 구성요소와 통신구조를 논의한다. 그리고 일부 구성요소를 세 기업에 지원한 사례를 알아보고 스마트팩토리를 중소기업에 적용하는 방안 및 문제점을 논의한다.

• Review of KIISC
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.7-13
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• 2014

사이버 물리 시스템(Cyber physical system, CPS)은 사물인터넷(IoT)과 달리 네트워크로 이루어진 물리적 장치들 간의 제어 및 통제를 포함하는 관리 시스템이다. 사이버물리시스템의 대표적인 사례인 헬스 케어 시스템은 시스템 내에서 다뤄지는 의료정보라는 데이터의 특별한 성격으로 인하여 데이터의 저장에서 관리까지 여러 가지 보안 위협들이 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 사이버 물리 시스템으로서의 헬스 케어 시스템이 클라우드 환경으로 이루어졌을 때 어떤 위협들이 존재하며 이러한 위협들이 어떻게 분류될 수 있는지, 또한 위협을 방지하기 위해 국내외 어떤 기술 및 표준화 노력들이 있었는지 알아보고자 한다.