• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.8.1-8.11
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• 2016

To quantitatively estimate the influence of cuttlebone on the target strength (TS) of golden cuttlefish, the cuttlebone was carefully extracted from 19 live cuttlefish caught using traps in the inshore waters around Geojedo, Korea, in early May 2010 and the TS was measured using split-beam echosounders (Simrad ES60 and EY500). The TS-length relationships for the cuttlefish (before the extraction of cuttlebone, Fish Aquat Sci. 17:361-7, 2014) and the corresponding cuttlebone were compared. The cuttlebone length ($L_b$) ranged from 151 to 195 mm (mean $L_b$ = 168.3 mm) and the mass ($W_b$) ranged from 29.3 to 53.2 g (mean $W_b$ = 38.8 g). The mean TS values at 70 and 120 kHz were -33.60 dB (std = 1.12 dB) and -32.24 dB (std = 1.87 dB), respectively. The mean TS values of cuttlebone were 0.19 dB and 0.04 dB lower than those of cuttlefish at 70 and 120 kHz, respectively. For 70 and 120 kHz combined, the mean TS value of cuttlebone was -32.87 dB, 0.11 dB lower than that of cuttlefish (-32.76 dB). On the other hand, the mean TS value of cuttlebone predicted by the regression ($TS_b$ = 24.86 $log_{10}$ $L_b$ - 4.86 $log_{10}$ ${\lambda}$ - 22.58, $r^2$ = 0.85, N = 38, P < 0.01) was -33.10 dB, 0.04 dB lower than that of cuttlefish predicted by the regression ($TS_c$ = 24.62 $log_{10}$ $L_c$ - 4.62 $log_{10}$ ${\lambda}$ - 22.64, $r^2$ = 0.85, N = 38, P < 0.01). That is, the contribution of cuttlebone to the cuttlefish TS determined by the measured results was slightly greater than that by the predicted results. These results suggest that cuttlebone is responsible for the TS of cuttlefish, and the contribution is estimated to be at least 99 % of the total echo strength.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.417-421
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• 2015

Bone grafting is widely used to bridge major bone defects or to promote bone union. Natural calcium carbonate (CC) has been used as a bone substitute material and used to scaffold for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). The aims of this study is to evaluate the biocompatibility of cuttlebone (CB) and hydroxyapatite from CB (CBHA). Each material was shaped into disks (5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness). To test biocompatibility, the disks were implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue in mice. Fibrous capsule thickness around each disk was evaluated histologically at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Concerning biocompatibility, fibrous capsule thickness of CBHA was significantly thinner than that of CB and CHA (p < 0.05) at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Based on the clinical and histological results, CBHA would be a safe material for use inside the body and has more effective osteoconduction than CB.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2015

Our previous report showed that the extract from cuttlebone (CB) had wound healing effect in burned lesion of rat and the extract was identified as chitin by HPLS analysis. We herein investigated the morphology in CB extract using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chitin was used as a control. There is no difference in morphology between CB extract and chitin. We also assessed the role of CB extract on the production of inflammatory mediators using murine macrophages and the migration of inflammatory cells. The extract induced the production of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages. While the extract of CB itself stimulated macrophages to increase the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6, CB extract suppressed the production of those cytokines by LPS. CB extract also induced the production of mouse IL-8 which is related to the cell migration, and treatment with CB enhanced fibroblast migration and invasion. Therefore, our results suggest that CB activates inflammatory cells to enhance the cell migration.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.246-250
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• 2013

We previously reported that the extract from cuttlebone (CB) has wound healing effect in burned lesion of rat. In present study, the main component of CB extract was analyzed and its wound healing activity was evaluated by using in vitro acute inflammation model. The extract of CB stimulated macrophages to increase the production of TNF-${\alpha}$. The extract also enhanced the production of TGF-${\beta}$ and VEGF, which were involved in angiogenesis and fibroblast activation. The treatment with CB extract enhanced proliferation of murine fibroblast. CB extract also induced the activation of fibroblast to increase the secretion of matrix metalloproteases 1 (MMP1). The constituent of CB extract which has wound healing activity was identified as chitin by HPLC analysis. The mechanism that the CB extract helps to promote healing of burned lesion is associated with that chitin in CB extracts stimulated wound skins to induce acute inflammation and to promoted cell proliferation and MMP expression in fibroblast. Our results suggest that CB or chitin can be a new candidate material for the treatment of skin wound such as ulcer and burn.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.410-416
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• 2015

Bone grafting is widely used to bridge major bone defects or to promote bone union. In the evaluation of bone defect regeneration, 5 mm-diameter defects were created in rabbit calvaria. Concerning biocompatibility, fibrous capsule thickness of CBHA (hydroxyapatite from cuttlebone) was significantly thinner than that of CB (cuttlebone) and CHA (hydroxyapatite from coral) (p < 0.05) at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Concerning 12-week total changes of radiologic gray-level histogram, CBHA was significantly higher than CHA (p < 0.05). In the evaluation of bone defect regeneration, bone formation of CHA was significantly higher than that of CB and CBHA (p < 0.05). Based on the clinical and histological results, CBHA would be a safe material for use inside the body and has more effective osteoconduction than CB. It is suggested that CBHA is a valuable bone graft material.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to compare the model-predicted and experimentally measured target strength (TS) of golden cuttlefish Sepia esculenta cuttlebones. Ultrasonic signals used to estimate frequency-dependent TS and the speed of sound in cuttlebones were measured by pulse-echo and through-transmission techniques, using a chirp sonar system and an ultrasonic pulser/receiver system under controlled laboratory conditions. The model appeared to slightly underestimate the predicted TS values in the frequency range of 100-160 kHz. However, there was good agreement between the predicted and measured TS values in the frequency range of 160-200 kHz. The significant similarity between the model-predicted and experimentally measured TS values supports the use of the Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) model for acoustic scattering analysis of cuttlebones. Accordingly, we concluded that the KRM model can be used as a tool to evaluate the frequency-dependent variability of TS due to changes in golden cuttlefish swimming depth.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2003

Soybean curd was prepared using cuttlebone powder treated with acetic acid (ATC), and its characteristics were determined. Soybean protein was coagulated by adding calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and ATC at 0.7, 1.2, and 0.9%, respectively, or higher. Yield, white index, texture, and sensory evaluations revealed the optimal concentration of ATC for preparation of soybean curd was 2.0% of total soybean weight. The proximate compositions of soybean curd prepared by adding 2.O% ATC were 75.9%, 12.6%, 1.9%, 5.3%, 6.60, and $1.0×10^4$ CFU/g in for moisture, crude protein, crude ash, crude lipid, pH, and viable cell count, respectively. Although white index and mineral content of both soybean curds were similar, texture of ATC-prepared soybean curd was superior to that of soybean curd prepared with 1.5% calcium chloride.