• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.92-103
• /
• 1975

This study was conducted to find out status of delivery environments, delivery attendants, and various immunization practices towards 513 babies who were born during the period from January 1, 1972 to December 31, 1974, in Dongnae Area, Shindong Myon, Chunseong Gun, Ganwon Do. The results and findings obtained from the study are summarized as follows : 1. Of all deliveries, 10.7% of the babies were reported born at the hospitals. 2. Deliveries attended by qualified professionals such as, doctors, midwives or public health nurses, were 22.2% of the total deliveries. Those who delivered alone without having anyone's assistants were as much as 9.7%, The percentage of the deliveries attended by the professional groups were increased year by year among the younger group mothers with the babies birth order being first or second place. 3. Sewing scissors were most frequently used as a tool for cutting the umbilical cord indicating 87.5% in this area. Sterilized tools were used among 50.3% of the women. 4. The usage af vinyl sheet and cement bag paper were frequently used as a delivery sheet, indicating 32.3%. Delivery set which was distributed by the health center was used 18.0%. (excluded the deliveries attended by professional attendants) 5. Immunization practices for the infant were observed as relatively high rate: 92.8% of the infant received D. p. T., 81, 3u/o received against poliomyelitis, 52.8% for small pox, 78.9% with B. C. G., and 18.5%against measles. The percentage af babies complected 3 times shot for D. P. T. and 2 times shot for poliomyelitis vaccine turned out be to 67.8% and 87.5%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.30-38
• /
• 2020

Inadequate cost management has widely been recognized as one of the most problematic areas in the Korean construction industry as many believes that public cost references are not reasonably reflecting the market conditions. 'Total Project Cost Management Guideline' developed by Ministry of Economy and Finance(MOEF) to govern public budget control has been identified as one of the main reasons for this problem. This study attempts to thoroughly review 'Total Project Cost Management Guideline' itself and quantitatively analyze the impact of it on project cost during procurement process. Different procurement methods are considered including turnkey & alternative, private contract, qualification examination, and lowest price bidding system in this quantitative impact analysis of 'Total Project Cost Management Guideline'. Analysis results shows that this governmental process works mainly as a constant cost-cutting tool throughout the procurement process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2010

This paper presents a new design algorithm for piece-removing dynamical system, based on 6-Sigma DMADOV technique using ARIZ and Brainstorming. Our design target is the piece-removing system installed on a mobile platform of bead-grinding equipment. The 6-Sigma DMADOV technique guides us design process according to 6 steps, i.e., Define - Measure - Analyze - Design - Optimize - Verify. A Design strategy to reduce the weight of piece-removing dynamical system will be explored by using ARIZ, i.e.,(the abbreviation of Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving in Russian). The ARIZ will result in a final solution that the height and angle control parts for a cutting tool should be replaced by a kinematical approach, rather than complicated mechatronic approach(using motors). The Optimize step is composed of two sub-steps: (i) Generating process for obtaining several ideas of piece-removing system by using Brainstorming technique, satisfying the final solution derived from the Design step using ARIZ, and (ii) Optimizing process for selecting the most optimal idea of piece-removing system by using Pugh's matrix from the viewpoints of weight, cost and accuracy. The laststep of Verify has shown that the final design obtained by the 6-Sigma DMADOV technique with ARIZ & Brainstormingcan improve an initial design with design requirements satisfied. In this paper, we have shown that ARIZ and Brainstorming can be cooperatively merged into 6-Sigma DMADOV to give us both a formulatedproblem-solving approach and diverse candidate solutions(or ideas) without trial-and-error efforts.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
• /
• v.17 no.8
• /
• pp.2001-2011
• /
• 1993

This study deals with the machining of sculptured surfaces on 5-axis CNC milling machine with end mill cutter. The study (I) has the following contents. In 5-axis CNC milling, CL-data consist of CC-data and cutter axis direction vector at the CC-point. Thus, in machining of the sculptured surface on 5-axis CNC milling machine, determination of the direction vector of the milling cutter is very important. The direction vector is obtained by the fact that bottom plane of the milling cutter must not interfere with the free-form surface being machined. The interference is checked by the z-map method which can be applied in all geometric types of the sculptured surfaces. After generating NC part programs from 5-axis post-processing algorithms, sculptured surfaces were machined with 5-axis CNC milling machine (CINCINNATI MILACRON, 20V-80). From these machining tests, it was shown that the machining of the free-form surfaces on 5-axis CNC milling machine with the end mill has smaller cusp heights and shorter cutting time than on 3-axis CNC milling machine with the ball-end mill. Thus, 5-axis CNC end milling was effective machining method for sculptured surfaces. The study (II) deals with the prediction of cusp height and the determination of tool path interval for the 5-axis machining of sculptured surfaces on the basis of study(I).

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
• /
• 1998.04b
• /
• pp.6-6
• /
• 1998

In 1957, the first magnetic disk drive compatible with a movable head was introduced as an external file memory device for computer system. Since then, magnetic disks have been improved by increasing the recording density, which has brought about the development of a high performance thin film magnetic head. The thin film magnetic head has a magnetic circuit on a ceramic substrate using IC technology. The physical property of the substrate material is very important because it influences the tribology of head/disk interface and also manufacturing process of the head. $Al_{2}O_{3}$-TiC ceramics, so called ALTIC, is known to be one of the best substrate materials which satisfies this property requirement. Even though the head is not in direct contact with the disk, frequent instantaneous contacts are unavoidable due to its high rotating speed and the close gap between them. This may cause damage in the magnetic recording media and, thus, it is very important that the magnetic head has a good wear resistance. $Al_{2}O_{3}$-TiC ceramics has an excellent tribological property in head/disk interface. Manufacturing process of thin film head is similar to that of IC, which requires extremely smooth and flat surface of the substrate. The substrate must be readily sliced into the heads without chipping. $Al_{2}O_{3}$-TiC ceramics has excellent machineability and mechanical properties. $Al_{2}O_{3}$-TiC ceramics was first developed at Nippon Tungsten Co. as cutting tool materials in 1968, which was further developed to be used as the substrate materials for thin film head in collaboration with Sumitomo Special Metals Co., Ltd. in 1981. Today, we supply more than 60% of the substrates for thin film head market in the world. In this paper, we would like to present the sintering process of $Al_{2}O_{3}$-TiC ceramics and its property in detail.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.117-121
• /
• 2012

Tool steels serve a large range of applications including hot and cold workings of metals and injection mouldings of plastics or light alloys. The high speed steels (HSS) are specifically used as cutting tools and wear parts because it has high strength, wear resistance and hardness along with appreciable toughness and fatigue resistance. From the view of HSS microstructure, it can be described as metallic matrix composites formed by a ferrous with a dispersion of hard and wear resistant carbides. The experimental specimens were manufactured using the PIM with T42 powders (50~80 vol.%) and polymer (20~50 vol.%). The green parts were debinded in n-hexane solution at $60^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours and thermal debinded at an $N_2-H_2$ mixed gas atmosphere for 8 hours. Specimens were sintered in high vacuum ($10^{-5}$ Torr) and various temperatures.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
• /
• v.2 no.5
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2001

Recently, there are two important research trends in the literature the red-time collaborative computing end electronic business process automation. This paper is one of those efforts that would establish an effective business office working and computing environment hough the integration of those two cutting-edge technologies. That is, we try to develop a workflow modeling tool that is semantically based upon the information control net(ICN), which is a typical workflow model for specifying office work procedures(business processes), and that is systemically based upon the real-time collaborative operations by a set of actors, which is called group, We name it "group ICN editor". This paper describes the design and implementation of the group ICN editor that is operable under the real-time collaborative computing environment. We use the Flexible rJAMM toolkit that enables the ICN editor to operate among multiple actors(group) through the event-driven collaboration platform, Consequently, a set of workflow and business processes defined through this editor is not only stored onto database but also transformed into the format of the workflow process definition language(WPDL) that is a standardized workflow description and specification language proposed by the workflow management coalition(WfMC).ion(WfMC).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.14 no.12
• /
• pp.6047-6052
• /
• 2013

A cosmetic manufacturing process requires a mold that is inevitable for mass production. Cosmetic containers are one of major factors affecting the customer's purchase decision. In addition, the manufacturing cost in cosmetic container comprises a large portion of the entire product cost. Therefore, a mold satisfying the economical feasibility, aesthetics and functionality is necessary. Among the cosmetic containers, square shape containers have a tendency of having a short shot defect product. The square shaped cosmetic containers are mostly produced as a side gate shape on the two-plate molds. On the other hand, there are two disadvantages, such as gate trace and post processing requirement. The overlap-gateproposed in this study has the characteristics of intaglio gate cutting and no need for post processing. The delivery system of the overlap gate was simulated and compared with the side gate via Moldflow. The improvement in flow, frozen rate, density, and Air trap was confirmed. Based on the simulation results, the mold and performed injection molding was fabricated. In this study, the possibility of the mass production of high aesthetic and functionality cosmetic containers was verified.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.18-25
• /
• 2018

The head frame structure of a machine tool for aircraft parts, which requires machining precision and machining of difficult-to-cut materials is required to be light-weighted for precision high-speed machining and to minimize possible deformation by cutting force. To achieve high stiffness and for light-weight structure optimization design, a preliminary model was designed based on finite element analysis. The topology optimization design of light-weight, high stiffness, and low vibration frame structure were performed by minimizing compliance. As a result, the frame weight decreased by 17.3%, the maximum deflection was less than 0.007 mm, and the natural frequency increased by 30.6%. The static stiffness was increased in each axis direction and the dynamic stiffness exhibited contrary results according to the axis. Optimized structure with the high stiffness of low vibration in topology optimization design was confirmed.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.584-591
• /
• 2006

To enhance the machinability of the austenite stainless alloys, Mn and S were added to form MnS in the austenite matrix. Recently, Ca is also added to increase machinability. The alloying elements, such as C, Mn, S, Ca, and Al, are known to affect machinability, but those roles are not well understood. In this study, the ingots, controlled of alloying elements, C, Mn, S, Ca, Al, were prepared in the 304 stainless steel. The relationship between microstructure and machinability was compared to understand the role of alloying elements. It was proved that Mn and S enhanced machinability but C reduced it by analyzing cutting force on machining in the lathe. The alloying elements, Ca and Al, made a complex oxide compound of Mn-S-Ca-Al-Si-O, which results in increasing tool life. The ferrite volume fraction was changed with alloying elements and the effect of the ferrite fraction on machining was also discussed.