This Paper presents a novel approach to single channel microphone speech enhancement in noisy environments. Widely used noise reduction techniques based on the spectral subtraction are generally expressed as a spectral gam depending on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The well-known decision-directed(DD) estimator of Ephraim and Malah efficiently reduces musical noise under the background noise conditions, but generates the delay of the a prioiri SNR because the DD weights the speech spectrum component of the Previous frame in the speech signal. Therefore, the noise suppression gain which is affected by the delay of the a priori SNR, which is estimated by the DD matches the previous frame rather than the current one, so after noise suppression. this degrades the noise reduction performance during speech transient periods. We propose a computationally simple but effective speech enhancement technique based on the sigmoid type function for the weight Parameter of the DD. The proposed approach solves the delay problem about the main parameter, the a priori SNR of the DD while maintaining the benefits of the DD. Performances of the proposed enhancement algorithm are evaluated by ITU-T p.862 Perceptual Evaluation of Speech duality (PESQ). the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and the speech spectrogram under various noise environments and yields better results compared with the fixed weight parameter of the DD.
Kim, Dong-Wook;Lee, Kyung-Hwa;Cho, Seong-Jin;Cho, In-Hee;Koh, Seung-Hee;Lee, Yu-Jin;Kim, Jong-Hoon;Kim, Seog-Ju
Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
/
v.16
no.1
/
pp.28-35
/
2009
Introduction: Human attachment is known to be closely associated with psychophysiological phenomenon. However, there have not been enough researches on the relationship of the attachment with sleep, especially with insomnia. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between adult attachment styles and insomnia in community-dwelling population. Methods: One hundred seventy seven community-dwelling adults (74 males and 103 females;mean age $41.23{\pm}8.44$) participated in the current study. To assess the attachment styles (secure, dismissing, preoccupied and fearful), self-reporting Relationship Style Questionnaires (RSQ) were completed by the participants. Presence, type, frequency and duration of insomnia in the last month were also investigated. Results: Compared to subjects without insomnia, subjects with insomnia had higher fearful attachment scores (t=2.87, p=0.005). Higher fearful attachment score were found in all subtypes of insomnia (sleep-onset insomnia, t=2.33, p=0.021;maintenance insomnia, t=2.92, p=0.004;terminal insomnia, t=2.89, p=0.004). Subjects with frequent (${\ge}3$ per week) insomnia had higher fearful attachment scores than subjects with infrequent (${\le}2$ per week) insomnia (t=2.57, p=0.012). In addition, subjects with chronic insomnia (${\ge}6$ months) had higher preoccupied attachment scores relative to subjects with transient insomnia (<6 months), (t=2.57, p=0.012). Conclusion: In the current study, attachment styles were different depending on the characteristics of insomnia. The fearful attachment was associated with the presence of insomnia, while the preoccupied attachment was associated with the chronicity of insomnia. These findings suggest that there may be some relationship between the adult attachment styles and the clinical features of insomnia.
Park, Jung-Wook;Park, Eui-Seob;Kim, Taehyun;Lee, Changsoo;Lee, Jaewon
Tunnel and Underground Space
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v.28
no.5
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pp.400-425
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2018
This study presents the research results and current status of the DECOVALEX-2019 project Task B. Task B named 'Fault slip modelling' is aiming at developing a numerical method to simulate the coupled hydro-mechanical behavior of fault, including slip or reactivation, induced by water injection. The first research step of Task B is a benchmark simulation which is designed for the modelling teams to familiarize themselves with the problem and to set up their own codes to reproduce the hydro-mechanical coupling between the fault hydraulic transmissivity and the mechanically-induced displacement. We reproduced the coupled hydro-mechanical process of fault slip using TOUGH-FLAC simulator. The fluid flow along a fault was modelled with solid elements and governed by Darcy's law with the cubic law in TOUGH2, whereas the mechanical behavior of a single fault was represented by creating interface elements between two separating rock blocks in FLAC3D. A methodology to formulate the hydro-mechanical coupling relations of two different hydraulic aperture models and link the solid element of TOUGH2 and the interface element of FLAC3D was suggested. In addition, we developed a coupling module to update the changes in geometric features (mesh) and hydrological properties of fault caused by water injection at every calculation step for TOUGH-FLAC simulator. Then, the transient responses of the fault, including elastic deformation, reactivation, progressive evolutions of pathway, pressure distribution and water injection rate, to stepwise pressurization were examined during the simulations. The results of the simulations suggest that the developed model can provide a reasonable prediction of the hydro-mechanical behavior related to fault reactivation. The numerical model will be enhanced by continuing collaboration and interaction with other research teams of DECOLVAEX-2019 Task B and validated using the field data from fault activation experiments in a further study.
Purpose: The aim of this survey was to analyze the choice of sedative drugs and their side effects during pediatric endoscopic sedation in Korea. We also evaluated doctors, caretakers and patient satisfaction with the procedures. Methods: Between June 2006 and July 2006, a 16-item survey regarding current sedation practices, during one month, was mailed to 28 hospitals in Korea. The results of the survey responses were then analyzed. Results: Endoscopy performed under conscious sedation was reported in 89.0% of the responders and endoscopy under general anesthesia in 0.9% of 465 endoscopic procedures. Endoscopy under conscious sedation was performed in 89.1% for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (GFS) and 88.1% for lower GFS. Midazolam was used for conscious sedation during the endoscopy in 84.5% of cases and propofol was used in two cases (0.5%). In addition, a bezodiazepine/opioid combination was used iin 84.6% (44 cases) for lower GFS. Patients were monitored with pulse oxymetry, EKG (91.4%) as well as automatic BP (5.1%). Transient hypoxia was the only side effect noted and was treated with supplemental oxygen (4.6%). Flumazenil was used in 2.71% of cases. The choice of sedation was made by the endoscopist (84%). The satisfaction rate for endoscopists was 68%, and for the patients and caretakers was 84% (as reported by the endoscopists). Conclusion: Midazolam was used only for the upper GFS and benzodiazepine/opioid combination was used for the lower GFS in Korea. The rate of satisfaction was relatively high and there were no significant side effects noted during the endoscopy under conscious sedation.
Sa Young-Jo;Kang Chul-Ung;Cho Kyu-Do;Park Kuhn;Wang Young-Pil;Park Jae-Kil
Journal of Chest Surgery
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v.39
no.5
s.262
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pp.387-393
/
2006
Background: Esophageal perforation is an uncommon problem, but it is associated with high mortality. We performed a retrospective review of patients with instrumental esophageal perforation to assess the outcome of current management techniques. Material and Method: We retrospectively analyzed all cases of instrumental esophageal perforation diagnosed at our hospital from January 1999 through to March 2005. The study group consisted of 12 patients (8 women and 4 men) with a mean age of 48.8 years (range, $21{\sim}83$ years). We reviewed the effects of the surgical or medical treatments in various conditions of patients, such as of various sites of perforation and time delayed after injury. Result: Perforations were due to diagnostic endoscopy (50.0%, 6/12), esophageal bougination for benign stricture (33.3%, 4/12), endoscopic port insertion (8.3%, 1/12), and tracheal intubation (8.3%, 1/12). The perforated sites were thoracic in 7 patients and cervical in 5. The treatment included resection and reconstruction (5 cases), incision and drainage (4 cases), medical treatment (2 cases), and closed thoracostomy drainage only (1 case). Post-operative complications of transient pneumonia and wound infection were developed in 1 patient respectively. Both occurred in two patients with diffuse mediastinal abscess formation. The overall mortality was 8.3% (1/12) in one old patient who was managed medically for cervical esophageal perforation. Conclusion: We concluded that surgical treatment for esophageal perforations was safe and effective whether diagnosed early or lately.
The effects of ouabain on the contractile and electrical activities were investigated in the isolated preparations of guinea-pig taenia coli, and compared with those of vanadate. Spontaneous contractions were recorded with force transducer, and electrical activites were measured by use of suction electrode, or single sucrose-gap technique. The contractions were induced by the electrical stimulation for 5 seconds every 1 minute with alternating current (60 Hz, 3.0 V/cm) through the platinum electrodes located in parallel with the long axis of the preparation. All experiments were performed in tris-buffered Tyrode solution which was aerated with $100%{\;}O_2$ and kept at $35^{\circ}C$. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Responses of spontaneous contractions to ouabain were concentration-dependent; $10^{-7}M$ ouabain caused a rise of basal tone. Above the concentration of $10^{-6}M$ ouabain, an initial increase followed by a decrease in tension was observed. 2) A continuous spike discharge was induced by the administration of $10^{-7}M$ ouabain. Above $10^{-6}M$ ouabain, a transient initial increase followed by a decrease in spike frequency and amplitude was produced, and finally membrane potential was sustained at a certain level without a spike discharge. 3) The characteristic response to $10^{-7}M$ ouabain was not blocked by the pretreatment with $10^{-7}M$ atropine. 4) The electrically induced contractions were completely suppressed at the concentration of $2{\times}10^{-7}M$ ouabain. These contractions were blocked more rapidly in paralled with the increase in ouabain concentration. 5) Effects of vanadate on the spontaneous activities were quite different from those of ouabain; $10^{-6}M$ vanadate increased the amplitude of contractions and $10^{-5}M$ vanadate increased slightly both amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions. $10^{-4}M$ vanadate showed irregular phasic contractions superimposed on the increased basal tone. 6) $10^{-5}M$ vanadate depolarized the membrane potential and shortened the interval between the bursts of spike discharge, whereas $10^{-4}M$ vanadate induced continuous spike discharge with membrane depolarization. 7) Vanadate caused a characteristic inhibitory response to the contractions induced by electrical stimulation; An initial rapid inhibition of tension development and then gradual recovery to a certain level. From the above results, the following conclusions could be made: 1) The rise of basal tone at $10^{-7}M$ ouabain is due to continuous spike discharge without a silent period. The continuous spike discharge is likely to be associated with a slight membrane depolarization caused by the blockage of Na pump. 2) The biphasic response induced by above $10^{-6}M$ ouabain seems to occur by the different mechanisms. The initial increase in tension is associated with depolarization along with an increase in spike frquency, whereas the subsequent relaxation occurs through a non-electrical mechanism. 3) The characteristic response to $10^{-7}M$ ouabain is resulted not from the action on intrinsic nerve terminal, but from its direct action on the membrane of smooth muscle cells. 4) The phasic contractions superimposed on the increased basal tone at the concentration of $10^{-4}M$ vanadate is resulted from the continuous spike discharge with membrane depolarization, of which mechanism remains unknown. 5) The inhibitory action of ouabain on the electrically induced contractions suggests that the increasein intracellular Na in some way inhibits the electrically induced $Ca^{2+}$ influx. The mechanism of vanadate action on the induced contractions remains unknown.
Background: Side clamping of ascending aorta during proximal graft anastomosis in coronary bypassing surgery in-creases the risk of direct aortic injury as well as embolization of intimal atheroma. Heartstring proximal sealing system (Guidant Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif), developed to avoid aortic side clamping, may minimize risks of such complications. The aim of the current study is to compare the surgical outcomes of the two proximal anastomosis techniquesi.e., Heartstring system versus aortic side clamping in off pump coronary bypassing' surgery (OPCAB). Material and Method: From January 2003 to August 2008, 499 patients underwent OPCAB. Of them, proximal graft anastomosis was performed using Heartstring system in 182 patients (Group I) and conventional manual anastomosis in 317 patients (Group II). The two groups were compared for postoperative major complications and mortality. Result: Two groups showed similar characteristics in terms of preoperative demographic data, left ventricular ejection fraction, renal function and history of diabetes, hypertension and smoking. Although there was no inter-group difference in the history of cerebral ischemia (p=0.48), preoperative brain magnetic resonance angiography revealed greater incidence of severe carotid artery stenosis (>75% of lumen) in the Group I than in the. Group II (44.5% in the Group I and 30.0% in the Group II, p=0.003). There were no inter-group differences in postoperative mortality (p=0.40) and complications (p=0.47) including neurologic events (3 in the Group land 2 in the Group II, p=0.258). Whereas neurologic events all comprised transient ischemic attacks in the Group I, they comprised multiple embolic strokes in the Group II. One patient in the Group II experienced aortic dissection during proximal anastomosis which resulted in ascending aortic replacement. Conclusion: Although proximal anastomosis using Heartstring system did not show statistically significant benefit over aortic side clamping, the. absence of embolic stroke maybe a definite benefit which may be better defined through further studies over a larger cohort.
At the tailings dam of the disused Brukunga pyrite mine in South Australia, reaction of groundwater with the tailings causes the formation and discharge of sulphuric acid. There is a need to improve remediation efforts by decreasing groundwater flow through the tailings dam. Geophysical methods have been investigated to determine whether they can be used to characterise variations in depth to watertable and map preferred groundwater flow paths. Three methods were used: transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings, direct current (DC) soundings and profiling, and self potential (SP) profiling. The profiling methods were used to map the areal extent of a given response, while soundings was used to determine the variation in response with depth. The results of the geophysical surveys show that the voltages measured with SP profiling are small and it is hard to determine any preferred channels of groundwater flow from SP data alone. Results obtained from TEM and DC soundings, show that the DC method is useful for determining layer boundaries at shallow depths (less than about 10 m), while the TEM method can resolve deeper structures. Joint use of TEM and DC data gives a more complete and accurate geoelectric section. The TEM and DC measurements have enabled accurate determination of depth to groundwater. For soundings centred at piezometers, this depth is consistent with the measured watertable level in the corresponding piezometer. A map of the watertable level produced from all the TEM and DC soundings at the site shows that the shallowest level is at a depth of about 1 m, and occurs at the southeast of the site, while the deepest watertable level (about 17 m) occurs at the northwest part of the site. The results indicate that a possible source of groundwater occurs at the southeast area of the dam, and the aquifer thickness varies between 6 and 13 m. A map of the variation of resistivity of the aquifer has also been produced from the TEM and DC data. This map shows that the least resistive (i.e., most conductive) section of the aquifer occurs in the northeast of the site, while the most resistive part of the aquifer occurs in the southeast. These results are interpreted to indicate a source of fresh (resistive) groundwater in the southeast of the site, with a possible further source of conductive groundwater in the northeast.
A $Cu_3Si$ film electrode is obtained by Si deposition on a Cu foil using DC magnetron sputtering, which is followed by annealing at $800^{\circ}C$ for 10 h. The Si component in $Cu_3Si$ is inactive for lithiation at ambient temperature. The linear sweep thermammetry (LSTA) and galvano-static charge/discharge cycling, however, consistently illustrate that $Cu_3Si$ becomes active for the conversion-type lithiation reaction at elevated temperatures (> $85^{\circ}C$). The $Cu_3Si$ electrode that is short-circuited with Li metal for one week is converted to a mixture of $Li_{21}Si_5$ and metallic Cu, implying that the Li-Si alloy phase generated at 0.0 V (vs. Li/$Li^+$) at the quasi-equilibrium condition is the most Li-rich $Li_{21}Si_5$. However, the lithiation is not extended to this phase in the constant-current charging (transient or dynamic condition). Upon de-lithiation, the metallic Cu and Si react to be restored back to $Cu_3Si$. The $Cu_3Si$ electrode shows a better cycle performance than an amorphous Si electrode at $120^{\circ}C$, which can be ascribed to the favorable roles provided by the Cu component in $Cu_3Si$. The inactive element (Cu) plays as a buffer against the volume change of Si component, which can minimize the electrode failure by suppressing the detachment of Si from the Cu substrate.
In spite of the transitional changes in the shoe industry in Busan area, regular academic studies on the management plan to improve the practical competitiveness of footwear industry focused in the materials, bio-dynamics, components, and designs, etc. in the engineering viewpoint are very rare. Many reports of policies were published from late 190's to 2000's but they were limited to the identification of practical situations and the measures for strategic alternatives and were not developed to be the academic studies to improve the competitiveness in terms of management control. It is intended to seek for the measures to be reviewed as the alternatives to improve the self-competitiveness of footwear companies by approaching the problems limited to such specific area in the viewpoint of management control. The core of this study is to provide the alternative plans for expansion of the industrial foundation by seeking for the measures to improve competitiveness with application of knowledge management as an alternative for improvement of not transient but sustainable industrial competitiveness, in order to help the export of shoes from Busan area which has been rapidly increased since the Korea-USA FTA and Korea-EU FTA. In such viewpoint, in the study, a questionnaire survey was performed related with the issues of Busan's footwear industry and the plan to implement knowledge management was discussed for improvement of the competitiveness of footwear industry based on the result of such questionnaire survey. As most of studies and directions have been focused in functional shoes, designs, materials, and components, etc., which are related with the properties of human dynamics, as the alternatives for improvement of the footwear industry of Busan area and did not suggest the measures to make basic changes in the management of companies, the implementation of knowledge management was emphasized in order to seek for the direction of such plan. The purpose of this study is to suggest an alternative for construction of industrial eco-system for high added value by seeking for the probability of knowledge management for conversion of footwear industry into knowledge industry. In order to accomplish the effect of increased export as the result of FTA, current management method of footwear companies is limited and the effect of FTA should be maximized by improving the competitiveness with implementation of knowledge management methods. Settlement of such knowledge management will act as the momentum to improve the competitiveness of footwear companies and, in a long-term viewpoint, will be able to maximize the improvement of knowledge industry and creation of job opportunities.
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