• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.202-211
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• 2001

Luminescence is a physical phenomenon exhibited by many non-conducting, crystalline materials, such as quartz and feldspar. Within the crystals, energy absorbed from ionising radiation frees electrons to move through the crystal lattice and some are trapped at defects in the lattice. Observable luminescence is produced by electrons, released from traps by stimulation by absorption of light, which recombine with lattice defects which act as luminescence centers - optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). In a similar way to thermoluminescence(TL) dating, controlled measurement of the OSL signal can provide a means of determining the time since the last exposure of a layer of sediment to sunlight, the age of the sediment. However, whereas in the thermoluminescence dating of sediment only part of the latent thermoluminescence signal is bleached by sunlight as the sediment is deposited and allowance must be made during the laboratory measurements for the light insensitive component, optically induced luminescence dating has the advantage of working only with light sensitive traps in the crystal. Determination of the time since deposition of Quaternary sediment samples from the OSL of quartz grains using blue light was performed. A series of experiments and recent developments relating OSL dating are described, beginning by identifying the features which make OSL signals suitable for the development of dating method. Additionally, there are suggestions as to future research for obtaining reliable ages and a comment on current best practice on procedures, with the dating results of Quaternary sediment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.47-58
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• 2011

Nowaday OECD countries actively introduce the performance audit to evaluate the performance of public policies. Motivated by the current trend in practice, this paper presents performance audit indices and methodology developed for evaluating the transportation investment projects and policies. The main contribution of this study would be twofold:1) key performance indices, 5Es + 4Cs rule, and methodology of performance audit are derived from foreign (GAO, NAO) and domestic (BAI) audit reports; 2) checklists (key issues and focuses) of performance audit are suggested as ranks. It is also suggested that further studies are needed to maintain the indices and the methodology to achieve sustainable performance of transportation projects and policies.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2012

The world's first face transplantation was performed in France, in 2005. Since then, 21 cases of face transplantation have been performed. Face transplantation is one of the most prominent part of composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) along with hand transplantation. Since these fields are not deal with life-saving organs, there are many arguments about immunosuppression therapy. Recent paradigm of face transplantation shows that surgical ranges are expanded from partial face transplantation to full face transplantation. Most immunosuppression protocols are triple therapy, which consists of tacrolimus (FK-506), mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone. Anatomical researches, immunosuppression, and immunotolerance take great parts in the researches of CTA. The medical fields directly related to face transplantation are microsurgery, immunology, and transplantation. Nowadays, each field is performed widely. Therefore people, even medical teams think face transplantation could be easily realized, sooner or later. But there are lots of things that should be prepared for not only practice and immunosuppression therapy but also for the cooperation with relevant fields. That's the reason why only 21 cases of face transplantation have been done, while more than 70 cases of hand transplantation have been done in the past years. Especially in Korea, brain death patients are not enough even for organ transplantation and furthermore there are some troubles in taking part in the society of transplantation. Face transplantation has lots of problems concerning variable medical fields, administration, society, ethics, and laws. Therefore, for the realization of face transplantation in Korea, not only medical skills but also political powers are needed.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.351-355
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• 2010

Our previous proteomic study demonstrated that oxidative stress and antioxidant delphinidin regulated the cellular level of $p27^{kip1}$ (referred to as p27) as well as some heat shock proteins in human colon cancer HT 29 cells. Current study was conducted to validate and confirm the regulation of these proteins using both in vitro and in vivo systems. The level of p27 was decreased by hydrogen peroxide in a dose-dependent manner in human colon carcinoma HCT 116 (p53-positive) cells while it was increased upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide in HT 29 (p53-negative) cells. However, high concentration of hydrogen peroxide (100 ${\mu}M)$ downregulated p27 in both cell lines, but delphindin, one of antioxidative anthocyanins, enhanced the level of p27 suppressed by 100 ${\mu}M$ hydrogen peroxide. ICR mice were injected with varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, delphinidin and both. Western blot analysis for the mouse large intestinal tissue showed that the expression of p27 was upregulated by 25 mg/kg BW hydrogen peroxide. To investigate the association of p27 regulation with hypoxia-inducible factor 1-beta (HIF-$1{\beta}$), the level of p27 was analyzed in wild-type mouse hepatoma hepa1c1c7 and Aryl Hydrocarbon Nuclear Translocator (arnt, HIF-$1{\beta}$)-defective mutant BPRc1 cells in the absence and presence of hydrogen peroxide and delphinidin. While the level of p27 was responsive to hydrogen peroxide and delphinidin, it remained unchanged in BPRc1, suggesting that the regulation of p27 requires functional HIF-$1{\beta}$. We also found that hydrogen peroxide and delphinidin affected PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway which is one of upstream regulators of HIFs. In conclusion, hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant delphinidin seem to regulate intracellular level of p27 through regulating HIF-1 level which is, in turn, governed by its upstream regulators comprising of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The results should also encourage further study for the potential of p27 as a biomarker for intracellular oxidative or antioxidant status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.sup
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• pp.29-38
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to establish an association between the percent of energy from total sugar and disease prevalence of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome with the context of the current population dietary practice in Korea. The Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2001 and 2002 dataset were used as the source of data for this research. Usual nutritional intakes for over 20 years old people were calculated from the two non-consecutive dietary intake data from KNHANES 2001 and 2002 dataset. SAS and SUDAAN were used for statistical analyses. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated, and multiple logistic regression model with adjustment for covariates were used to determine the odds ratios(ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. Subjects were categorized as 3 ways and compared the LS means and ORs for heath factors. First, subjects excluding pregnant women, were categorized according to percent of energy from the usual total sugar intakes as ${\leq}10%$, 11-15%, 16-20%, 21-25%, >25%. Risk of LDL cholesterol showed a tendency to increase in the '>25%' group compared to the '<10%' group. The risks of the other health effects did not show any significant differences. Second, the subjects were categorized considering both Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range(AMDR) from carbohydrate and %Energy from total sugar as 'CHO<55% & Total sugar ${\leq}10%$', 'CHO 55-70% & Total sugar 11-25%', and '$CHO{\geq}70%$ & Total sugar ${\geq}25%$'. The risk of obesity tended to increase in the '$CHO{\geq}70%$ & Total sugar ${\geq}25%$' group compared to the 'CHO<55% & Total sugar ${\leq}10%$'. Third, the subjects were categorized as 'CHO<55% & Total sugar ${\leq}10%$', 'CHO 55-70% & Total sugar 11-20%', and '$CHO{\geq}70%$ & Total sugar ${\geq}20%$'. The risk of obesity also tended to increase in the '$CHO{\geq}70%$ & Total sugar ${\geq}20%$' group compared to the 'CHO<55% & Total sugar ${\geq}20%$' group. In conclusion, risk of LDL cholesterol showed a tendency to increase in the over 25% total sugar intake group, and the risk of obesity tended to increase in the 20-25% total sugar intake and high carbohydrate intake group. The risks of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome were not associated with total sugar intakes. More research to elucidate the association for Korean between the intakes of total sugar, added sugar, glucose, fructose, and sweeteners and diseases prevalences shoud be excuted in the future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.622-630
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to establish an association between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), dietary carbohydrates and diabetes with the context of the current population dietary practice in Korea. The subjects of 3,389 adults (male 1,430, female 1,959) were divided into normal (serum fasting glucose < 100 mg/dL), impaired glucose tolerance (100 ${\leq}$ serum fasting glucose < 126 mg/dL), diabetes (serum fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL) by serum fasting glucose. Anthropometric and hematologic factors, and nutrient intakes, dietary glycemic index (DGI), dietary glycemic load (DGL) were assessed. Multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for relationship of DGI, DGL, carbohydrates intakes, and diabetes. DGI and DGL were not significantly correlated with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. However, the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes showed a tendency to increase as increase of DGI after multivariate adjustment (age, education, income, region area, diabetes family history, smoking, drinking, exercise, energy intake) in male. The risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes showed a tendency to increase in the DGI 71.1-74.8 after multivariate adjustment in female. DGL was inversely related to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in male. In female, however, DGL was positively related to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. In particular, the risk of diabetes increased positively in level of DGL 260.5, and remained after multivariate adjustment (Q5 vs Q1：2.38, 0.87-6.48). When percent energy intakes from carbohydrates were more than 70%, the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes increased in both male and female. In particular, when percent energy intakes from carbohydrates were more than 69.9%, the risk of diabetes increased positively in male (Q4 vs Q1：2.34, 1.16-4.17). In conclusion, above 70% energy intakes from carbohydrates appeared to be a risk factor of diabetes. It seemed that the meal with high GI and GL value must be avoided it. And also, the macronutrients of the meal must be properly balanced. In particular, it may be said that it is a preventive way for treatment of the diabetes to avoid eating carbohydrates of much quantity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.461-469
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBSECTIVE: Airway inflammation by eosinophils, neutrophils and alveolar macrophages is a characteristic feature of asthma that leads to pathological subepithelial thickening and remodeling. Our previous study showed that oxidative stress in airways resulted in eosinophilia and epithelial apoptosis. The current study investigated whether glutathione-containing dry yeast extract (dry-YE) ameliorated eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus overproduction. MATERIALS/METHOD: This study employed $2{\mu}g$/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or 20 ng/mL eotaxin-1-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells and ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mice. Dry-YE employed in this study contained a significant amount of glutathione (140 mg in 100 g dry yeast). RESULTS: Human bronchial epithelial cell eotaxin-1 and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) were markedly induced by the endotoxin LPS, which was dose-dependently attenuated by nontoxic dry-YE at 10-50 ${\mu}g$/mL. Moreover, dry-YE inhibited the MUC5AC induction enhanced by eotaxin-1, indicating that eotaxin-1-mediated eosinophilia may prompt the MUC5AC induction. Oral supplementation with 10-100 mg/kg dry-YE inhibited inflammatory cell accumulation in airway subepithelial regions with a reduction of lung tissue level of intracellular adhesion molecule-1. In addition, ${\geq}50$ mg/kg dry-YE diminished the lung tissue levels of eotaxin-1, eosinophil major basic protein and MUC5AC in OVA-exposed mice. Alcian blue/periodic acid schiff staining revealed that the dry-YE supplementation inhibited goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus overproduction in the trachea and bronchiolar airways of OVA-challenged mice. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidative stress may be involved in the induction of eotaxin-1 and MUC5AC by endotoxin episode and OVA challenge. Dry-YE effectively ameliorated oxidative stress-responsive epithelial eosinophilia and mucus-secreting goblet cell hyperplasia in cellular and murine models of asthma.

• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.7
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• pp.125-163
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• 2009

The artworks of Socialist Realism of the former Soviet Union, with the beginning of the 21st century, are gaining a new attention from art collectors. One reason for this might consist in the fact that relevant art pieces exemplify the ways in which they visualize ideas on the basis of their high-profile art tradition and also in which they integrate their utopian ideals with mysticism. These aspects of the Soviet art goes far beyond the wide-spread assumption that their art, as a means of propaganda, principally represents a political allegiance to the system. With Stalin coming into power in the 1930s, the artistic trend of Socialist Realism obtained a nationwide sympathy and support from people, giving birth to a new art which essentially corresponded to the demands of the political power. An official art current of the USSR over the period from the 1930s to 1950s, Socialist Realism was in tandem with the Communist commitment to the party and popularity, symbolizing a loyalty to the cause. It was thus characterized by plainness and lucidity so that ordinary people could gain easy access to art. Its salient feature, over an entire range of art, was an optimistic pursuit of a utopian dream. Therefore, it tallied with the popular sentiment for a Communist paradise, giving form to their beliefs in human agency working at the materialist world and also to such abstract concepts as force, fitness, and beauty by adding even mythical ideals. Its main subject matter includes harvest feasts of collective farms, imaginary socialist cities, grand marches of heroic laborers and in this way it served as a propaganda for a sacred utopia of socialist totalitarianism. On the other end of the spectrum, however, rose the second camp of art, which put an emphasis on bona-fide artistic activities of plastic art and on an artist's personal expression and freedom, as opposed to the surface optimism of Socialist Realism. Central to the Russian Avant Garde art, which prized the above-mentioned values, were Malevich's Geometric Abstraction and A. Rodchenko's Constructivism. Furthermore, in the transitional era of the late 20th century and the 21st century it was recognized that film art or electronic media art, rather than traditional genre of paintings, would function as a more efficient way of propaganda. These new genres were made possible by ridiculing the stereotypes of the Russian lifestyle and also by ignoring ethical or professional dimensions of artworks. That is, they reinvented themselves into a sort of field art, seemingly degrading the quality of artworks and transforming them into artifacts or simulacres in the very sense of post-modernism. The advent of the new era brought about the formation and occupation of pop culture of the younger generations, calling into question the idea of art as the class-determined. It also increased the attention to field art, which extensively found way to modern art centers, galleries, and exhibition projects. It can be stated that this was a natural outcome of human nature.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.304-314
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• 2001

Major purposes of this study were to investigate the administration patterns of analgesics and sedatives in SICU and to identify the factors influencing the use of prn analgesics and sedatives by ICU nurses. The sample of this descriptive study was 50 adult patients in SICU and 53 ICU nurses. Patient's medical records were reviewed to investigate names, doses, the routes of administration, the interval of administration, and the type of prescription of sedatives and analgesics administered. Study medications were narcotics, hypnotics, and antipsychotics. To identify the factors influencing the use of prn analgesics and sedatives, 53 ICU nurses checked 9 items, and rank them from first to fifth. The selection of items was based on the previous studies and the experience of the investigator. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The mean age of the subjects was 53 years, 24 patients out of 50 subjects had received mechanical ventilation therapy. Most of the patients received neurosurgeries and abdominal surgeries. 2. For 4 days, 13 total study medications and combination of these were administered to the patients. Commonly prescribed drugs were Ketoprofen and Midazolam. Twenty six to fourty two percent of the patients did not receive any drugs for at least one day during the four days. 3. On the average, the study drugs were administerd 1.4 to 2.6 times per day during 4 days. 4. More than 50 percent of the prescription was as-needed (prn) except those of the POD 3. Fourteen percent of the patients did not have any prescription for sedation and pain control after surgery. 5. Examination of the frequency of sedatives and analgesics bolus administration revealed that a greater number of doses were given during daytime (from 7 am. to 7 pm.) than nighttime (from 7 pm. to 7 am.). The difference was significant at Alpha, .05. 6. First factor that most influenced nurses to administer sedatives and analgesics for intubated patients was the evaluation of patient's vital signs (51%). For non- intubated patients, the factors that nurses considered important were the patients' complaints of pain (64%) and evaluations of patients' vital signs (23%). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that patients in SICU might not receive enough analgesics and sedatives to feel completely free from pain during the post operational period. Future study should be focused on the evaluation of the adequacy of current practice for pain and anxiety control in terms of the SICU patient's response.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.137-149
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• 2014

The authors derived rental housing policy measures that are appropriate for the current conditions of Korean housing supply and demand based on the confirmation of the issues of Korean rental housing system and reviewing implications from review of cases of foreign countries and these measures can be categorized into linkage with the urban regeneration and multi-functional development, acquisition of financial resources, operational management, policy and institutional aspects. For the expansion of supply of rental housing, it is essential to link the rental housing policy with urban regeneration. To pursue regeneration of underdeveloped areas and expansion of supply of rental housing in line with urban regeneration, more development sites should be added. Further, the rental home policy must be integrated into a new paradigm that includes securing commercial viability and providing various residential conveniences through multi-functional development. In addition, diversification of developers of real estates turning away from the existing framework of policy that has been focused only on the state-led housing supply so that local governments and private sector players can take part in. Next, new options for funding the supply of rental housing must be sought. First, raising financial resources sequentially through cyclical development approach could be considered. Or, various funding schemes including utilizing Tax-increment financing (TIF) based on the local tax revenues that will be accrued after the development projects and supply of rental housing. Or there should be various schemes to raise funds including utilization of TIFs that are based on the revenues that will be realized after the development projects and supply of rental housing, or utilizing REITs where funds can be provided through private sector investments. Also, getting out from the planning practice that focused only on physical expansion of supply of rental housing, continual operational management must be performed even after the development. These activities must be supported through establishment of control tower at the national level and continuous attention must be paid even after the development by developing specialized operational management companies that are led by private sector players. Finally, in addition to the hardware support that is focused on the public rental housing only, software support such as conditional provision of housing voucher or tax exemption for low-income classes should be provided, too. In other words, a shift from policies that are supplier-centric to ones that are customer-centric must take place.