• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2019

In general, milk is a nutritious food and is very helpful in improving and maintaining a person's health. However, over the past 30 years, a number of studies have reported the presence of Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products worldwide. The contamination with Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products has become an important issue all over the world. The presence of the mycotoxin in these products was a major concern particularly among children and infants, who are more sensitive than adults. This study reviewed recent data to summarize the current status of Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products produced in various regions around the world, related regulations, reduction strategies, detection methods, and future research tasks. Strict regulation and superior milk-handling techniques are essential to minimize Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and dairy products using ever-evolving analytical techniques. Furthermore, education should be imparted to ensure that Aflatoxin M1 that may exist in milk and dairy products and its effects on human health are made aware of.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1-18
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• 2019

Venture capitalists (VCs) play an important role in finding and growing innovative venture companies with high growth potential but high risk. Venture capital investment does not depend on the system, unlike the investment for listed companies. Korea's venture capital industry has entered a period of growth, but lack of data has led to a lack of research on venture capital. Based on this background, this study attempts to analyze various factors affecting investment decision criteria of Korea VCs. In this study, I examined the major factors that VCs consider in decision making of investment through literature review, and I have drawn the research question accordingly. I will focus on the characteristics of founders, products / services, markets, financials, and networks that scholars share common investment decision criteria in Korean VCs. For the purpose of this study, the data were collected through the questionnaire surveyed by investment vetters working in current venture capital and analyzed using AHP analysis. Through this study, I tried to understand the Korean venture capital which has been poorly studied and what criteria and priorities Korean VCs make investment decisions in the Korean venture investment environment. The results of this research will contribute to the vitalization of venture investment, which is important for the upbringing of companies, by providing guidelines for establishing investment attraction strategies of venture companies.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.153-162
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• 2018

This paper analyzed the current level of the middle school academic achievement in Changwon City and explored the ways for improving academic achievement of the middle school in Changwon City. The data used in the analysis were the results of National Assessment of Educational Achievement of middle school students from 2013 to 2016 which was released on the school's information website(www.schoolinfo.go.kr) First, the analysis found that the academic achievement level of the middle school in Changwon City was not higher than those of Gwangju, Daejeon, and Ulsan, where the population size is similar. Second, the level of academic achievement among middle schools in Changwon City differed by year. Third, the level of academic achievement of middle school in Changwon City differed by district. Fourth, the educational achievement gap among middle schools in Changwon City existed by public and private school, as well as by male school, female school, and male and female Middle School. The paper suggested that schools with low ratio of proficient and above achievement levels should look for ways to raise the percentage of proficient and above achievement levels, and schools with higher rates of below basic achievement should make efforts to solve the problem.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.406-413
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• 2018

The emergence of carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa has become an increasing problem worldwide. In particular, $metallo-{\beta}-lactamases$ (MBLs) are responsible for the high-level resistance to carbapenem. Sequence type 235 (ST235) has been found internationally in a multidrug-resistant clone and is involved in the dissemination of genes encoding IMP-6 and VIM-2. This study examined the prevalence of MBLs and the epidemiological relationship in carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) isolates obtained from a tertiary hospital in Daejeon, Korea, between March 2008 and June 2014. The antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using the disk-diffusion method and PCR and DNA sequencing were used to identify the MBL genes. In addition, an epidemiological relationship was investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Among the 110 CRPA isolates, 32 isolates (29.1%) were MBL-producers; the major type was IMP-6 (29 isolates, 90.6%). VIM-2 was identified in 3 isolates (9.4%) of ST357. IMP-6-producing isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and belonged to ST235. ST235 (55 isolates, 50.0%) was the clone most frequently detected and has gradually emerged during a seven-year period. To prevent the spread of MDR ST235 P. aeruginosa isolates, the current widespread use of carbapenems needs to be curtailed, and novel continuous monitoring strategies should be developed as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.157-166
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• 2019

Objective: This study examined the effects of stimulating fingertip temperature on the patterns of force sharing and stability properties during multi-finger force production tasks. Method: 9 adult subjects (male: 3, female: 6, age: $26.11{\pm}4.01yrs$, height: $169.22{\pm}5.97cm$, weight: $61.44{\pm}11.27kg$) participated in this study. The experiment consisted of three blocks: 1) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) task, 2) single-finger ramp task to quantify enslaving (i.e., unintended force production by non-task fingers), and 3) 12 trials of multi-finger steady-state force production task at 20% MVC. There were three temperature conditions including body-temperature (i.e., control condition), $40^{\circ}C$, and $43^{\circ}C$, and the stimulation was given to the index finger only for all experimental conditions. Results: There were no significant differences in the MVC forces, enslaving, and the accuracy of performance during the steady-state task between the conditions. However, the share of stimulated index finger force increased with the index fingertip temperature, while the share of middle finger force decreased. Also, the coefficient of variation of both index and middle finger forces over repetitive trials increased with the index fingertip temperature. Under the framework of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis used to quantify indices of multi-finger synergies (i.e., stability property) stabilizing total force during the steady-state task, the two variance components within the UCM analysis increased together with the fingertip temperature, while no changes in the synergy indices between the conditions. Conclusion: The current results showed that fingertip temperature stimulation only to index finger does not affect to muscle force production capability of multi-finger, independence of individual fingers, and force production accuracy by the involvement of all four fingers. The effect of fingertip temperature on the sharing pattern and force variation may be due to diffuse reflex effects of the induced afferent activity on alpha-motoneuronal pools. However, the unchanged stability properties may be the reflection of the active error compensation strategies by non-stimulated finger actions.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.121-147
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of the organizations in the fields of academics, arts, humanities, and music in Korea on the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) which is developed by International Standard Organization (ISO) for assuring the public identities of creators, contributors, and producers to contents in the fields. National Library of Korea (NLK), one of the official registration agencies of ISNI in Korea, launched a consortium, ISNI-Korea, with various organizations in the fields to promote the ISNI registration and application. In this study, focused group interviews were carried out with participants from a total of 13 organizations; these organizations were divided into three groups by the progress on collaboration with NLK at the ISNI-Korea consortium. The current status of the personnel or membership information management by organizations, their expectations and barriers for using ISNI, and the ISNI application to the fields have been discussed intensively during the interviews. Findings from this study could benefit NLK to develop the strategies to promote ISNI in the fields. This study also proposed follow-up studies to enhance the use of ISNI in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.322-333
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• 2019

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the level of market size and market share of domestic research equipments for analyzing the difference of the number and amount of construction by the manufacturing countries in the basic and analytical science fields based on the information of the research equipment invested by the Korean government for the past 14 years. As of January 1 2019, from 2005 to 2018, 20,687 research facilities & equipments (main equipment with a construction cost of 30 million won or more) built in the basic and analytical science fields were selected for this study and their components, standard classification, number of construction, and amount of construction by country of manufacture were analyzed. Differences of the number and amount of construction among manufacturing countries were tested using a single sample chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test. As a result of this study, the number of construction (p<.001) and construction amount (p<.05) were statistically different for each manufacturing country. The level of market size and market share was significantly different according to the equipment standard classification (p<.05). Therefore, differentiated strategies of the government and policy research projects will be required for each type of equipment and amount in order to support the policy for the localization of research equipment.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.24-33
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• 2019

Background: Spontaneous use of the upper extremities on the affected side of patients with stroke is a meaningful indicator of recovery and may vary by the age or dominant hand of patients. No prior study has reported changes in actual amount of use test (AAUT) and motor activity log (MAL)-28 according to age and handedness in healthy adults, and AAUT inter-rater reliability for assessment of healthy adults. Objects: This study aimed to (1) research the differences in AAUT and MAL-28 according to age and handedness in healthy adults, and (2) determine the inter-rater reliability of the AAUT. Methods: Seventy healthy adults participated in this study. The MAL-28 was assessed by dividing 61 subjects into young right-handed ($n_1=20$), young left-handed ($n_2=21$), and older right-handed ($n_3=20$) groups. The AAUT was assessed by dividing 63 subjects into young right-handed ($n_1=25$), young left-handed ($n_2=18$), and older right-handed ($n_3=20$) groups. Student's t-test and the Wilcoxon signedrank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The Amount of Use (AOU) scale values for each group showed no significant differences between age groups and handedness groups in the MAL-28 (p>.05). The AAUT AOU scale value showed significant differences regarding dominant handedness in the AAUT (p<.05), but no significant differences according to age (p>.05). (2) Inter-rater reliability of the AAUT was excellent, except few items (item 9, 11, and 12). Conclusion: Although both the MAL-28 and the AAUT measured how much participants used their dominant arms in healthy subjects, the AAUT only showed significantly higher dominant arm use in left hander than the right hander. In addition, the inter-rater reliability of the AAUT was excellent. Current results can be utilized as a basic information when clinicians develop rehabilitation strategies, and AAUT was shown to be a reliable evaluation tool for measurement of upper extremity use in Korean adults, based on the reliability demonstrated by this study.

• Journal of the Korean society of biological therapies in psychiatry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.184-193
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• 2018

Objectives : This study investigated the effects of social support and chronic medical conditions on depressive symptoms in elderly people living alone in a rural community. Methods : Sociodemographic information on 173 subjects aged 65 years or older who lived alone in a rural community and were recipients of National Basic Livelihood Security was collected and analyzed. All participants completed the Korean Form of the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Lubben Social Network Scale. Additionally, the current prevalence of chronic medical conditions that interfere with the activities of daily living was examined. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the associations of social support and chronic medical conditions with depressive symptoms. Results : Social support(odds ratio: OR, 0.96; 95% confidence interval: 95% CI, 0.92-0.99) and chronic medical conditions(OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.23-2.05) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms in all subjects. When analyzed by gender, social support served as a protective factor against depressive symptoms in elderly men only(OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83-0.99), and chronic medical conditions increased the risk of depressive symptoms in elderly women only(OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.26-2.40). Furthermore, osteoarthritis and lumbar pain were risk factors for depressive symptoms in all subjects(OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.10-4.56 and OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.08-4.12) and in elderly women(OR, 4.07; 95% CI, 1.68-9.84 and OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.47-7.57), respectively. Conclusion : This study indicates that improving the social support and managing the chronic medical conditions of elderly people living alone are important for the prevention of depression in this population. Additionally, the present results suggest that it is necessary to establish different depression-prevention strategies for elderly men and women living alone.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.177-189
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• 2021

Defense R&D is a key process for securing weapons systems determined by mid- and long-term needs to cope with changing future battlefield environments. In particular, the test and evaluation provides information necessary to determine whether or not to switch to mass production as the last gateway to research and development of weapons systems and plays an important role in ensuring performance linked to the life cycle of weapons systems. Meanwhile, if you look at the recent changes in the operational environment of the Korean Peninsula and the defense acquisition environment, you can see three main characteristics. First of all, continuous safety accidents occurred during the operation of the weapon system, which increased social interest in the safety of combatants, and the efficient execution of the limited defense budget is required as acquisition costs increase. In addition, strategic approaches are needed to respond to future battlefield environments such as robots, autonomous weapons systems (RAS), and cyber security test and evaluation. Therefore, in this study, we would like to present strategies for improving the testing and evaluation of weapons systems by considering the characteristics of the security environment that has changed recently. To this end, the improvement strategy was derived by analyzing the complementary elements of the current weapon system operational test and evaluation system in a multi-dimensional model and prioritized through the hierarchical analysis method (AHP).