• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.1-17
• /
• 2014

Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.) under natural room temperature and to analyze differences between alternative and natural conditions for a practical application. Fifteen cultivars of KB were evaluated in the study. Daily and cumulative germination pattern were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Differences were observed in germination percentage, germination pattern, days to the first germination and days to 75% germination. Germination percentage was variable with cultivars at the end of study. It was 75.75 to 90.25% under natural condition. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics and germination pattern among KB cultivars according to germination conditions. The first germination in all entries tested was initiated between 6 and 9 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) condition. But it was observed between 9 and 12 DAS under natural condition, being 3 to 5 days later as compared with ISTA condition. On the first date of a germinating process, the germination rate was 0.25% to 25.00% under ISTA condition, while 0.50% to 13.25% under natural condition. Days to the 75% germination were 15.08 to 28.80 DAS under ISTA condition and 17.78 to 28.75 DAS under natural condition. Midnight II, Excursion and Midnight were the fastest cultivars under ISTA condition, while Odyssey the fastest one under natural condition. Regardless of germination condition, the slowest cultivar was Voyager II, being over 4 weeks to 75% germination percentage. For the most cultivars, days to 75% germination under natural room temperature condition were 1 to 8 days slower than under ISTA condition. From this study information on differences in germination characteristics and pattern among cultivars would be usefully applied for KB establishment such as golf course construction. Prior to on-site seeding, a comprehensive germination test is practically recommended due to a possible decline in germination capability during domestic distribution and storage after import.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.23-34
• /
• 2009

Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of tall fescue(TF, Festuca arundinacea Shreb.). Four varieties of TF were evaluated in the study. Experiment was conducted under a room temperature condition of $5^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$(natural conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination patterns, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 75% germination, and germination percentage with different environments and varieties. Germination percentage was variable with varieties at the end of study. It was 85.25 to 97.00% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics and patterns among the entries according to different conditions. The first germination was initiated between 7 and 9 DAS(days after seeding) under natural conditions, being 2 to 3 days later as compared with ISTA conditions. It was 11 to 12 DAS in days to the 50% germination, which was 3 to 4 days after the first germination. Days to the 75% germination were 12.38 to 14.29 DAS, being 1.55 to 4.77 days slower as compared with ISTA conditions. Olympic Gold was regarded as the fastest variety and Tar Heel II was slowest. Data from this study demonstrated that information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns among varieties would be usefully applied for TF establishment such as golf course construction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.30-41
• /
• 2010

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics and germination pattern of creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis palustris Huds.). Seven varieties of CB were evaluated in the study. An alternative condition for a CB germination test required by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in the experiment, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 85% germination, and germination percentage. Germination rates were different among the treatments at the end of study. There were significantly considerable variations in early germination characteristics and germination pattern among CB varieties. The first germination in all entries was initiated between 4 and 5 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA conditions. Generally, the first germination percentage was 5 to 25%. However, such Penn-series varieties as Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross were much more vigorous over others, resulting in 50 to 75% in the first germination percentage. It took 4 to 10 DAS in reaching to days to the 50% germination, being 5 days in difference among the varieties. Days to the 85% germination were 5.90 to 11.75 DAS under ISTA conditions, being 5.85 days in variety difference. It means 1 to 2 days after days to 50% germination. Penn A-1 was the fastest variety, while T-1 the slowest one. Considering days to the first germination, days to 85% germination, and germination pattern etc, Penn A-1, Penn A-4, Penncross and L-93 were regarded as excellent varieties under ISTA conditions. From this study, in-depth information on germination characteristics and pattern would be usefully applied for golf course design and construction, when established with CB.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.79-87
• /
• 2010

Research was initiated to investigate the early establishment characteristics and germination patterns of perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.). Eight cultivars of PR were evaluated in the study. Experiment was conducted under a room temperature condition of $6^{\circ}C$ to $23^{\circ}C$ (natural conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 75% germination, and germination percentage with different environments and cultivars. Germination percentage was variable with cultivars at the end of study. It was 66.25 to 93.50% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in the early germination characteristics and germination pattern among the entries according to different conditions. The first germination was initiated between 3 and 5 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) conditions. But it started between 6 and 8 DAS under natural conditions, being 2 to 4 days later as compared with that under ISTA conditions. It was 8 to 12 DAS that reached to days to the 50% germination, which was 2 to 5 days after the first germination. Days to the 75% germination were 10.08 to 13.70 DAS under natural conditions, being 2.07 to 5.70 days slower as compared with ISTA conditions. 'Pennant II' was the fastest cultivar. But the slowest was 'Catalina II' that was 3.62 days later than 'Pennant II' under natural conditions. Considering days to the first germination, days to 75% germination, and germination pattern etc, 'Pennant II' and 'Brightstar II' were regarded as excellent cultivars under both conditions. From this study, information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns would be usefully applied for golf course design and construction, when established with PR.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.121-128
• /
• 1990

Germination of Italian ryegrass and sorghum were measured at a range of temperatures and with PEG treatment at several different levels of concentration and treatment period to evaluate the effects of osmoconditioning with polyethylene glycol(PEG-8000). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Cumulative germination percentage of intact Italian ryegrass seeds did not show much difference among temperatures, while that of sorghum seeds decreased markedly at low temperature. 2. Italian ryegrass seeds osmoconditioned with 20% PEG solution for two days at 10^{\circ}C.$ accelerated germination at 10^{\circ}C.$, with injurious effect of osmoconditioning at higher temperature for many days. 3. Osmoconditioning with 20% PEG solution for two or four days at 10^{\circ}C.$ increased germination of sorghum seeds, while the seeds treated at higher temperatures for long period suppressed germination.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.211-216
• /
• 2001

In an effort to investigate the germination and growth characteristics of tannin containing forage crops (such as chicory, birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus pedunculatus, sulla, lespedeza, crownvetch, sainfoin), germinativity, seedling vigor, and productivity were studied. Although the cumulative germination percentage (CGP) of chicory and birdsfoot trefoil was low, the germination rate(GR) and days to reach 50% of final germination(Gt50) were excellent. Crownvetch, lespedeza and sainfoin showed poor germination. Chicory seeds were light but the rate of emergence and establishment were high. Seeds of Lotus pedunculatus and birdsfoot trefoil were also small, but their rates of emergence and establishment were quite good. On the other hand, seeds of sainfoin and crownvetch were heavy but their emergence and establishment rate were very low. Lespedeza was the best in getting over the hot summer, and crownvetch also survived well during summer. Chicory was good in productivity and early growing but its persistence was not good. In case of birdsfoot trefoil and Lotus pedunculatus their early growing were slow but their productivity and persistence were fairly well. Lespedeza, crownvetch, and sainfoin showed poor growth in Korea. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that chicory would be better to use as short term high productive forage crop, and Lotus pedunculatus and birdsfoot trefoil could be used as continuous functional forage crops in Korea. (Key words : Tannin. Germination. Chicory. Birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus pedunculatus)

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.29-40
• /
• 2014

Research was initiated to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.). Fifteen cultivars were evaluated under alternative conditions (8 hours light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16 hours dark at $15^{\circ}C$). Significant differences were observed in germination characteristics and germination pattern among KB cultivars. A final germination percentage differed in cultivars, being 75.25 to 89.50%. The first germination was initiated between 6 and 9 DAS (days after seeding). As for the first germination percentage, 'Brilliant' and 'Midnight II' produced 14.50% and 23.00%, respectively, while the others were most below 5%. Days to 75% germination were between 15.08 and 28.80 DAS. 'Excursion', 'Midnight II', 'Odyssey', 'Midnight' and 'Courtyard' were fastest. The slowest cultivar was 'Voyager II', being over 28 DAS, which were 13 to 14 days slower than the fastest ones. Considering the first germination percentage, days to the first germination, days to 75% germination, and germination pattern, 'Midnight II', 'Excursion' and 'Midnight' were regarded as excellent cultivars under alternative conditions. From this study, information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns would be practically useful for a golf course construction when established with KB.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2013

The study was conducted to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of fine-textured fescues (FF) under natural room temperature and to analyze differences between alternative and natural conditions for a practical application. Six cultivars from Chewings fescue (CF), creeping red fescue (CRF), hard fescue (HF) and sheep fescue (SF) were evaluated in the study. Daily and cumulative germination pattern were measured and analyzed. Significant differences were greatly observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 60% germination, and germination percentage with environments, species and cultivars. Final germination rate was 29.7 to 80.0% under natural conditions. The first germination was initiated between 8 and 10 DAS (days after seeding) under natural conditions, being 3 to 4 days later as compared with ISTA conditions. Days to the 60% germination were 12.1 to 19.0 DAS, being 3.0 to 4.2 days slower than that under ISTA conditions. CF 'Jamestown II' was the fastest cultivar, while the slowest CRF 'Audubon'. Turf establishment speed was faster with CRF < SF < HF and < CF in order. Information on differences in germination characteristics and pattern between alternative and natural conditions would be practically useful for a golf course construction etc., when established with FF.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.232-239
• /
• 2014

Zoysiagrass seeds had low germination or lack of germination uniformity under natural condition. To improve the final germination percentage of zoysiagrass seeds, we investigated the methods of proper pre-treatment to enhance germination rate of zoysiagrass. Seeds were subjected to the testa scarification and four types of seed priming methods, namely, hydro priming (distilled water), osmotic priming (polyethylene glycol -0.5 MPa, -1.0MPa, -2.0 MPa), halo priming (Potassium nitrate 100 mM, 200 mM, 400 mM), and solid matrix priming (seed : microcel-E : distilled water = 4:1:8) with and without 25% KOH treatment in the testa. The scarification improved the germination rate and reduced the germination time. Osmotic priming (PEG -0.5 MPa) with scarification were significantly increased the seed germination rate and decreased MGT, and $T_{50}$. Seed germination rate obtained by osmotic priming (PEG -0.5MPa) with scarification increased above 60% in comparison with natural condition. Conclusively, scarified and primed zoysiagrass seed germinated more rapidly and uniformly in the study. The present results suggested that PEG priming treatment with KOH treatment prior to sowing could improve germination percentage, and this method makes us establish the early zoysiagrasses in the field.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate early germination characteristics and germination pattern of new cultivars of creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis pall/stris Huds.) under natural room temperature conditions and to analyze differences between alternative and natural conditions. Seven cultivars of CB were tested in the study. Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 85% germination, and germination rate among cultivars under different environments. The first germination in all entries was initiated between 4 and 5 days after seeding (DAS) under alternative conditions, while between 6 and 8 DAS under natural conditions, being 2 to 3 days later as compared with that of alternative conditions. As for the first germination percentage, it was generally 5 to 25% under alternative conditions. However, 'Penn A-1', 'Penncross', and 'Penn A-4' cultivars showed a vigorous germination, producing 50 to 70%. Under natural room temperature conditions, it was 5 to 10% for the most entries, except 'Penncross', 'L-93', and 'Penn A-4' cultivars which vigorously produced 20 to 50%. Days to the 50% germination in CB resulted in 4 to 10 DAS under alternative conditions, while 6 to 15 DAS under natural conditions, being 2 to 5 days later than under alternative conditions. Days to the 85% germination were 5.90 to 11.75 DAS under alternative conditions and 7.95 to 12.50 DAS under natural conditions. 'Penn A-1' and 'L-93' were the fastest cultivars under alternative and natural conditions, respectively. Regardless of the temperature conditions, the longest cultivar in germination was 'T-1', being over 11 DAS. In-depth comparative data on germination characteristics and germination patterns among CB cultivars would be usefully applied for a practical CB turf establishment in golf course construction etc.