• 대한약침학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2010

Objectives: Gallic acid (GA) is the major component of tannin which could be easily founded in various natural materials such as green tea, red tea, grape juice, and Corni Fructus. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Gallic acid (GA) on production of interleukin (IL) in mouse macrophage Raw 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: Productions of interleukins were measured by High-throughput Multiplex Bead based Assay with Bio-plex Suspension Array System based on $xMAP^{(R)}$ (multi-analyte profiling beads) technology. Firstly, cell culture supernatant was obtained after treatment with LPS and GA for 24 hour. Then, it was incubated with the antibody-conjugated beads for 30 minutes. And detection antibody was added and incubated for 30 minutes. And Strepavidin-conjugated Phycoerythrin (SAPE) was added. After incubation for 30 minutes, the level of SAPE fluorescence was analyzed on Bio-plex Suspension Array System and concentration of interleukin was determined. Results: The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. GA significantly inhibited the production of IL-3, IL-10, IL-12p40, and IL-17 in LPS-induced mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, 200 uM (p<0.05). 2. GA significantly inhibited the production of IL-6 in LPS-induced mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells at the concentration of 50, 100, 200 uM (p<0.05). 3. GA diminished the production of some cytokine such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in LPS-induced mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. 4. GA did not show the inhibitory effect on the production of IL-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-9 in LPS-induced mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that GA has anti-inflammatory activity related with its inhibitory effects on the production of interleukins such as IL-3, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-17, and IL-6 in LPS-induced macrophages.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.586-591
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• 2010

Chemokine and Growth Factor are major mediumtors of immuno-inflammatory pathway. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether productions of Chemokine and Growth Factor in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells are modulated by Gallic acid (GA), which is easily founded in tannin-containing natural materials such as red wine, green tea, grape juice, and Corni Fructus. Productions of Chemokine and Growth Factor were analyzed by High-throughput Multiplex Bead based Assay with Bio-plex Suspension Array System based on $xMAP^{(R)}$ (multi-analyte profiling beads) technology. At first, cell culture supernatant was obtained after treatment with LPS and GA for 24 hour. Then, the antibody-conjugated beads were added and incubated for 30 minutes. After incubation, detection antibody was added and incubated for 30 minutes. And Strepavidin-conjugated Phycoerythrin (SAPE) was added. After incubation for 30 minutes, the level of SAPE fluorescence was analyzed on Bio-plex Suspension Array System. Based on fluorescence intensity, concentrations of Chemokine and Growth Factor were determined. The results of the experiment are as follows. GA significantly inhibited the production of interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, keratinocyte-derived chemokine(KC), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, 200 uM (p<0.05). GA significantly inhibited the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor(M-CSF) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells at the concentration of 50, 100, 200 uM (p<0.05). GA diminished the production of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. But GA did not show the inhibitory effect on the production of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIP) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggest that GA has the immuno-modulating activity related with its inhibitory effects on the production of IP-10, KC, MCP-1, VEGF, and M-CSF in LPS-induced macrophages.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.109-118
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Bacillus-fermented Scutellariae Radix acupuncture solution (SB) on chemokine and growth factor production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods : Productions of chemokine and growth factor were measured by High-throughput Multiplex Bead based Assay with Bio-plex Suspension Array System based on xMAP$^{(R)}$ technology. Firstly, cell culture supernatant was obtained after treatment with LPS (1 ${\mu}g$/mL) and SB for 24 hours. Then, it was incubated with the antibody-conjugated beads for 30 minutes. Detection antibody was then added and incubated for 30 minutes. After incubated for 30 minutes, strepavidin-conjugated phycoerythrin (SAPE) was added. After another 30 minutes incubation, the level of SAPE fluorescence was analyzed in Bio-plex Suspension Array System. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL in RAW 264.7 cells (P < 0.05). 2. SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of Eotaxin at the concentration of 25, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g$/mL in RAW 264.7 cells (P < 0.05). 3. SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of MIP-$1\alpha$ at the concentration of 25 and 100 ${\mu}g$/mL in RAW 264.7 cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions : These results suggest that SB has immuno-modulatory property related with its inhibition of VEGF, IP-10, G-CSF, and Eotaxin production in macrophages.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.364-376
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• 1994

This study was initiated to find the characteristic awareness of disease in Korean culture and then, with its applying to psychological nursing, to help cancer victims cope with their disease. Research period was from Dec. 1, 1989 to Aug.3, 1992. The research method, while the method of face-to-face interview with 33 cancer victims were mainly adopted, was to identify the causal perception through analyses of literature and traditional sayings deeply rooted in Korean culture. The causal perceptions were differentiated into 4 sections, which apply to 32 cancer victims with Q-sorting. Be-ing coded into grades from 1 to 9, the data were analyzed with the aid of Quanal program on PC ; in analyzing Q-factor principal component analysis method was used. The results were revealed as follows : 1. Subject victims owe their disease to 1) the omnipotent and animating powers in Shamanism rooted in Korean culture, 2) their intimate persons, i.e. their husband, wife, children, or other fellows ameng their groups. 3) victims themselves, and 4) nowhere, for they thought the disease is the struggle with their own self. 2. In Q-methodology analysis, cancer victims are categorized into 5 types. The first type, self-mastery type, consisting of 11 subjects, has the characteristic of overcoming their disease with their own strong will or by the help of the Omnipotent God, which is estimated to be the ideal type to cope with the disease. The second type, omnipotent & animating powers-dependent type, consisted of 7 subjects, who have the causal perception of traditional shamanism. The third type, intimate person-dependent type, consisted of 4, all of whom are women and whose causal perception has the characteristic of the their complains about each member of their family, espectially about their husband. The fourth type, fate-recipient type, was the com-plex form of the first and the second types. It consisted of 6 subjects, to whom cancer had meant bad fate coming on them but had to be overcome by their strong will. The fifth type, personal type, consisted of 4, whose causal perception is toward themselves personality It is hoped that the study provide the chance of developing nursing intervention to help cancer victims accept and overcome their disease as their own reality instead of attributing to anyone or any-thing else.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.144-151
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• 2007

The idea of shopping is changed from a purchase of merchandise to an experience of pleasure. This study is a space composition analysis for the introduction of theme in multi-plex shopping center design to reflect variable consumer trend and company marketing strategy, The study progressed through theoretical consideration and substance analysis about the shopping centers which had been designed by Jerd Partnership In Japan since 2000. The following is result. The path is a sole main street that is made of curve form, parallel and vertical circulating rout and movement of human being. It leads continuity. The node and landmarks have a circular court with typifier as powerful center, character of transition space and event for experience. It makes locational quality. The districts are composed of retail shops, restaurants and culture facilities and the edge is represented by closed vertical wall and parapet. It induces a domain. The characteristic of Jerde shopping center is an experience of theme environment through the path as betweenness with a story based on a main theme. It is mostly related nature or exotic element and is obviously represented at path and node. The node takes a round shape and bring about event as a court. The application of theme to the shopping center by Jerde has a significant meaning for place marketing.

• 한국실내디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국실내디자인학회 2007년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.103-106
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• 2007

The idea of shopping is changed from a purchase of merchandise to an experience of pleasure. This study is a space composition analysis for the introduction of theme in multi-plex shopping center design to reflect variable consumer trend and company marketing strategy. The study progressed through theoretical consideration and substance analysis about the shopping centers which had been designed by Jerd Partnership from 2000 in Japan. The following is result. The path is a sole main street that is made of curve form, parallel and vertical circulating rout and movement of human being. It leads continuity. The node and landmarks have a circular court with typifier as powerful center, character of transition space and event for experience. It makes locational quality. The districts are composed of retail shops, restaurants and culture facilities and the edge is represented by closed vertical wall and parapet. It induces a domain. The characteristic of Jerde shopping center is an experience of theme environment through the path as betweenness space with a story based on a main theme.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.603-610
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• 2006

거세 한우에 셀레늄 급여원으로 무기셀레늄(sodium selenite, Sigma), 유기셀레늄(효모, 미국 Sel-Plex)군, 유기셀레늄 강화버섯을 생산하고 폐기되는 셀레늄이 다량 함유되어 있는 폐배지(Se-SMC; Se-spent mushroom compost)를 사료내 셀레늄 농도가 0.9 ppm 수준이 되도록 조절하여 처리구별 한우거세우 각각 5두를 배치하여 4개월간 급여하고 도축하여 채끝육의 육질을 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 가열감량은 무기셀레늄 급여구가 가장 높았고, 대조구가 유의적으로 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 전단력가는 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, pH는 무기셀레늄 급여구가 대조구, Se-SMC 급여구보다 유의적으로 낮았다(P<0.05). 보수력과 일반조성분(수분, 단백질, 지방) 함량 및 관능검사 결과는 처리구간 통계적인 유의차는 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 소도체 육량등급별 출현율을 비교한 결과 육량 A등급 출현율은 유기셀레늄 급여구가 가장 높았고, 그 다음으로는 Se-SMC 급여구로 나타났다. 육질등급 출현율을 비교한 결과 1+등급 출현율에서 Se-SMC 급여구가 가장 높았고, 그 다음으로는 무기 셀레늄급여구이였고, 대조구와 유기셀레늄 급여구는 가장 낮았다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 셀레늄 급여원은 일반조성분, 보수성, 연도에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 무기셀레늄 급여구는 가열감량이 높고 pH가 낮아 다른 처리구에 비하여 육질이 좋지 않았다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2011

Objective: We found previously that $interferon$ $regulatory$ factor ($Irf$)-1 is a germinal vesicle (GV)-selective gene that highly expressed in GV as compared to metaphase II oocytes. To our knowledge, the function of $Irf-1$ in oocytes has yet to be examined. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between retinoic acid (RA) and RA-mediated expression of $Irf-1$ and the mouse oocyte maturation. Methods: Immature cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were collected from 17-day-old female mice and cultured $in$ $vitro$ for 16 hours in the presence of varying concentrations of RA (0-10 ${\mu}M$). Rate of oocyte maturation and activation was measured. Gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cytokine secretion in the medium was measured by Bio-Plex analysis. Apoptosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results: The rates of oocyte maturation to metaphase II and oocyte activation increased significantly with RA treatment (10 nM-1 ${\mu}M$). With 100 nM RA treatment, lowest level of $Irf-1$ mRNA and cumulus cell's apoptosis was found. Among 23 cytokines measured by Bio-Plex system, the substantial changes in secretion of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, macrophage inflammatory protein-$1{\beta}$, eotaxin and interleukin-12 (p40) from COCs in response to RA were detected. Conclusion: We concluded that the maturation of oocytes and $Irf-1$ expression are negatively correlated, and RA enhances the developmental competence of mouse immature oocytes $in$ $vitro$ by suppressing apoptosis of cumulus cells. Using a mouse model, results of the present study provide insights into improved culture conditions for $in$ $vitro$ oocyte maturation and relevant cytokine production and secretion in assisted reproductive technology.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Bacillus-fermented Scutellariae Radix acupuncture solution (SB) on interleukin(IL) production in mouse macrophage stimulatedby lipopolysaccaride(LPS). Methods : Productions of interleukins were measured y High-throughput Multiplex Bead based Assay with Bio-plex Suspension Array System based on $xMAP^{(R)}$(multi-analyte profiling beads) technology. To begin with, cell culture supernatant was obtained after treatment with LPS(1 ${\mu}g/mL$) and SB for 24 hour. Then, it was incubated with the antibody-conj${\mu}g$ated beads for 30 minutes. And detection antibody was added and incubated for 30 minutes. After incubating for 30 minutes, Strepavidin-conjugated Phycoerythrin(SAPE) was then added. Incubating for another 30 minutes, the level of SAPE fluorescence was analyzed on Bio-plex Suspension Array System. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-3($9.15{\pm}0.35$ pg/mL) by $6.92{\pm}0.05,\;7.21{\pm}0.11,\;6.96{\pm}0.33,\;and\;7.45{\pm}0.74$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells (p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-5($7.30{\pm}0.48$ pg/mL) by $6.50{\pm}0.29,\;6.30{\pm}0.25,\;6.30{\pm}0.25,\;and\;5.80{\pm}0.25$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 50 100, and 200 ${\mg}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells (p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced productiion of IL-9($17.26{\pm}0.19$ pg/mL) by $15.01{\pm}0.43$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced productioh of IL-13($187.80{\pm}2.90$ pg/mL) by $152.80{\pm}4.25,\;172.80{\pm}3.97,\;162.10{\pm}6.67,\;and\;165.30{\pm}11.80$ pg/mL at the concentration fo 25, 50, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-17($18.30{\pm}0.95$ pg/mL) by $13.30{\pm}1.25,\;13.80{\pm}1.11,\;13.30{\pm}0.75,\;and\;14.00{\pm}1.08$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 50 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). SB significantly inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-23($43.90{\pm}0.83$ pg/mL by $39.50{\pm}1.26,\;38.00{\pm}1.78,\;and\;39.60{\pm}2.49$ pg/mL at the concentration of 25, 100, and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ in RAW 264.7 cells(p<0.05). Conclusions : These results suggest that SB has anti-inflammatory activity related with its inhibition of IL-3, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-23 production in macrophages.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2016

Objectives : Allergic diseases have a various symptoms of hyperresponsiveness and recently hyperresponsive reaction in the chronic phase is reported as the important mechanisms. Cheonggisan(CGS) is used in oriental clinics for curing various skin diseases due to effect of controlling of pruritus. There have been studies on the anti-allergic effect and anti-inflammatory effect of CGS, but there had no study of anti-allergic effects in allergic late inflammation of CGS, so we aimed to find out the effects of CGS in allergic late inflammation in our study.Methods : To investigate the anti-allergy effect and anti-inflammatory effect of CGS, RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and CSG water-extracts were used. Cytotoxic effect of CSG was examined by MTT assay, an oxidative product of NO was measured in the culture medium by the Griess reagent assay. The level of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) was measured by competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. Cytokine(PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) was measured by Bio-Plex suspension assay system and quantitative multiplexed cytokine/chemokine assay.Results : We investigated that there was no cytotoxic effect of CGS water-extract at any levels of concentration on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by MTT assay. CGS water-extracts significantly suppressed the levels of the inflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2, cytokine of IL-1β, TNF-α at the level of 400 ㎍/㎖ CGS concentration. But there was no significant effect on IL-6 production suppression.Conclusions : These results suggest that CSG water-extract has and anti-inflammatory effects in allergic reaction. These properties may contribute to the allergic diseases and inflammatory related disease care.