• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.635-654
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• 2009

Recently, concepts of multicultural society and/or multiculturalism have been not only widely discussed across several disciplines, but also actively promoted in government's policy, as the in-flow of foreign immigrants has increased rapidly. This paper suggests the term 'multicultural space' instead of multicultural society in a sense that both international migration of immigrants and their accommodation to a certain locality presuppose a spatial dimension. This paper also points out that the term multiculturalsim should be used very carefully, because this term includes a normative character implied in a sense of recognition of ethnic and cultural diversity and difference on the one hand, and an ideological one reflected on strategic policies of capital and the state on the other. On the basis of recognition of these problems, this paper tries to reformulate spatially the concept of muticultural society which has been supposed to be constructed due to rapidly increasing foreign immigrants, emphasizing some usefulness of multi-scalar approach. It then analyzes economic and political contexts of transnational migration, providing a criticism of multiculturalism as an ideological logic of capital and the state in transnational captialism. Finally it put a stress upon importance of struggle for spaces of recognition as a new glocal ethics in the age of post-globalization.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.4-39
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the archetype of the Gyeongju Castle walls and the facilities around it to bring together previous studies and identify the specific scale and structure of the archetype. The findings can be summarized as follows. First, we verified the exact location and dimensions of the castle through an over-lay of land registration maps from the Japanese colonial period, land registration maps from the present day, cadastral maps, and excavation records. Second, the dimension of the rampart and fort of the castle were discovered by combining and analyzing historical evidence, modern research data, historical site studies from the Japanese colonial era, and maintenance records. Third, the historical records related to the yeojang (rampart sub-wall) formats in the Joseon Dynasty were used to examine the archetype of the yeojang. This study led to the discovery of the archetype of the Gyeongju castle yeojang in the early stage of King Munjong's reign (1451), and the archetype created after the Japanese Invasion (16th century). And finally, although most of the rampart is not present, the structure of the castle can be estimated based on historical research, and research materials modern and contemporary(excavation conservation field survey). In addition, this study presented a archetype restoration plan for each site, to be used as foundational data for future restoration projects.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.3192-3202
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• 2014

This study has its purposes on analyzing specific features of the elements according to scales of 32 main buddhist sancta among wooden temples with gable roof that are nationally designated as cultural assets, and analyzing influences and proportional relations between main and submaterials, so that it could be basic and objective data for restore and repair cultural assets in the future. Results of the study are following. First of all, the average plane proportion of doritong (facade) and yangtong (side) in 3-room building is about 1.31:1, while it is 1.70:1 in 5-room building. Secondly, as a result of analyzing the locational proportion and thickness of pillars at each location, floor room turned out to have wider space between pillars than that of edge room or side room in both cases of 3 and 5-room buildings. In the mean time, for the average thickness of the pillars in 3-room building, it was 491mm for corner pillars, 433mm for general pillars in cases of 3-room building, while it was 595 and 511mm respectively in cases of 5-room building. The reason why corner pillars are 60~80mm thicker than general ones in average, is determined to considered structural stability and optical illusion. For the third, as a result of analyzing the influences on pillar thickness, eaves projection and eaves height according to the scale(dimension) of buildings, 3-room buildings have outstanding correlation as its scale(dimension) goes bigger, while 5-room ones are not very much influenced by its scale(dimension). For the fourth, as a result of the relation between pillars and eaves, both of 3 and 5-room buildings have longer-projected and higher eaves as their pillars go taller; especially height of eaves turns out to have very close relation between length of pillars. In addition to that, both of 3 and 5-room buildings have much projected eaves as the eaves go higher.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.57-67
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• 2013

The studies of Korean traditional gardens have been a lot of diachronic approaches through ancient documents and on-site investigation. Previous research has focused on the characteristics that are inherent symbolism of the traditional landscape space, such as site characteristics. There are many studies for inner gardens, outer gardens and other influential ranges of gardens of the location characteristics. However, studies on the scale of external gardens were not satisfactory from a quantitative perspective. Unlike private life sphere, quantitative analysis was conducted on the role of a sphere of public community life for outer gardens. Visibility analysis was performed through the existing literature and GIS programs to estimate the magnitude of the outer garden. When it was compared with Min G. H.(1982) research, it is almost the same if it is estimated to focus on Buyoung -bong(芙蓉峯) and Ip-am(立巖). Also, as a result of the fractal structure for a variety of symbols in the garden, fractal dimension in landscape elements is relatively concentrated, unlike in other areas. Thus, the external scale can be a means of cultural property protection out of the crucial perspective for the inner garden. There has been consideration of the cooperation with the visual complexity using the concept of fractal structure as one of the elements of landscape analysis.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.137-160
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• 2018

The present article reviews recent arguments on the moral-conventional distinction in moral judgment and discusses the implications for moral psychology research. Traditional research on moral judgment has considered both the evaluation of transgressive actions of others and the categorization of the norms on the moral-conventional dimension. Kohlberg, Piaget, and Turiel (1983) regard moral principles to be clearly distinguished from social-conventional norms and suggested criteria for the moral-conventional distinction. They assume that the moral domain should be specifically related to the value of care and justice, and the judgment for the moral transgression should be universal and objective. The cognitive developmental approach or social domain theory, which has been generally accepted by moral psychology researchers, is recently being challenged. In this article, we introduce three different approaches that criticize the assumptions for the moral-conventional distinction, namely, moral sentimentalism, moral parochialism, and moral pluralism. Moral sentimentalism emphasizes the role of emotion in moral judgment and suggests that moral and conventional norms can be continuously distributed on an affective-nonaffective dimension. Moral parochialism, based on the evidence from anthropology and cross-cultural psychology, asserts that norm transgression can be the object of moral judgment only when the action is relevant to the survival and reproduction of a group and the individuals within the group; judgment for moral transgression can be as relative as that for conventional transgression. Moral pluralism suggests multiple moral intuitions that vary with culture and individual, and questions the assumption of the social domain theory that morality is confined to care and justice. These new perspectives imply that the moral-conventional distinction may not properly tap into the nature of moral judgment and that further research is needed.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.19
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• pp.39-77
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• 2010

The cinema of Peter Greenaway has consistently engaged questions of the relationship between the arts and particularly the relations of image and writing to cinema. When different types of images are correlated and merged with each other on the borders of painting, photography, film, video and computer animation, the interrelationships of the distinct elements cause a shift in the notion of the whole image. This analysis proposes to articulate the complex relationship between the 'interartial' dimension and the 'intermedial' dimension in Peter Greenaway's film, (1991). If the interartiality is interested in the interaction between various arts, including the transition from one to another, the intermediality articulates the same type of relationship between two or more media. The interactional relationship is the same on both sides; on the contrary, the relationship between art and media does not show the same symmetry. All art is based on one or more media - the media is a condition existence of art - but no art can't be reduced to the status of media. This suggests that if the interartiality always involves the intermediality, this proposal may not be reversed. First, we analyse a self-conscious investigation into digital art and technology. Prosospero's Books can be read as a daring visual essay that self-consciously investigates the technical and philosophical functions of letters, books, images, animated paintings, digital arts, and the other magical illusions, which have been modern or will be post-modern media to represent the world. Greenaway uses both conventional film techniques and the resources of high-definition television to layer image upon image, superimposing a second or third frame within his frame. Greenaway uses the frame-within-frame as the cinematic equivalent of Shakespeare's paly-within-play : it offer him the possibility to analyse the work of art/artist/spectator relationship. Secondly, we analyse the relationship between the written word, oral word and the books. Like the written word, the oral word changes into a visual image: The linguistic richness and nuances of Shakeaspeare's characters turn into the powerful and authoritative, but monotone, voices of Gielgud-Prospero, who speaks the Shakespearean lines aloud, shaping the characters so powerfully through his worlds that they are conjured before us. Specially each book is placed over the frame of the play's action, only partially covering the image, so that it gives virtually every frame at least two space-time orientations. Thirdly, we try to show how Peter Greenaway uses pictorial references in order to illustrate the context of the Renaissance as well as pictorial techniques and language in order to question the nature of artistic representation. For exemple, The storm is visualised through reference to Botticelli's : the storm of papers swirling around the library is constructed to look like a facsimili copy of Michelangelo's Laurentiana Library in Florence. Greenaway's modern mannerism consists in imposing his own aesthetic vision and his questioning of art beyond the play's meta-theatricality: in other words, Shakespeare''s text has been adapted without being betrayed.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.55-75
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• 2006

Most previous research on impression formation has been examined the effects of various informations exclusively within a category, either social category or individual characteristic. The present research examined and compared the priming effects of social category information (we and other) versus personality information (warm and cold) on impression formation. In Study 1, participants primed subliminally with combinations of social category and personality information (we/warm, we/cold, other/warm, and other/cold) were asked to rate faceial pictures on the good-bad and likable-dislikable dimensions. The analysis revealed only the significant main effects of social category information but not any effects of personality information on both the impression dimensions. In Study 2 in which participants were primed with either social category or personality information exclusively, priming of social category information influenced the judgments of likable-dislikable dimension and that of personality information influenced the judgments of good-bad dimension. These results suggest that personality information influences impression in general even though its impacts may be overwritten by social categorical information. The findings were discussed with its implication of everyday's impression formation and the cultural psychological perspectives.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.215-228
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• 2012

This study aims to answer the research question of what are the global leadership competencies(GLC) and what is the integrating framework of GLC? To attain the goal of reframing the GLC models with systematic research on GLC, the specific objectives are delineated as follows; the first objective is to identify the area of GLC. The second one is to extract the dimensions agreed with consensus. The third one is to suggest the reframed GLC model. Through the literature review and content analysis about GLC and global mindset, the two dimensions-subject and objects-of GLC model are emerged to classify the existing clusters of GLC. The extracted objects are self, others, culture, business, and global world. The dimension of subject who is global leader is more specifically divided into the knowing/doing process and three aspects of human activity like cognitive, emotional, and behavioral one. GLC are reframed and rearranged based on the two dimensions. As a results new framework for GLC with 11 clusters are presented. Knowing group of GLC contains personal, social, cultural, business literacy, and global mindset. Doing group of GLC contains personal, social, cultural, business savvy, and global change. Personal traits as a core character are at the core of the knowing and doing process of the self. Lastly, the implications and limitations of this research are suggested, and suggestion for further research is followed.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.93-100
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• 2015

Purpose - The objective of this research is to investigate whether national culture influences consumers' service evaluations. The services industry is receiving increasing attention from academia and practitioners as its position grows in global markets. Standardization or localization is a traditional managerial decision in global business. As the boundaries of services expand across national borders, firms are required to decide whether to standardize services or adjust to local needs. Though it is imperative to reflect global perspectives in marketing theories, these perspectives are mostly based on Western conceptualization of the world. Through a comparison of consumer groups from two culturally remote countries, service quality evaluation mechanisms are examined based on similar stimuli. The study tries to expand service marketing perspectives across national borders. Research design, data, and methodology - Eastern and Western countries are known to be culturally distinct. One Eastern and one Western country were chosen: an Anglo-Saxon country (the U.S., England, and Australia) and South Korea. In Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the differences between the two are pronounced. The Anglo-Saxon based countries share many similarities. Samples of the same sites are targeted. Questionnaires using a service quality scale (SERVQUAL) and a customer satisfaction scale were distributed. Utilizing Hofstede's typology of culture, the service evaluation mechanisms of the respondents from the two groups are evaluated. Three hypotheses are proposed from the review of the literature. These are service evaluation habits, importance of service quality dimensions for the individualistic/collectivistic countries, and strong/weak uncertainty avoidance cultures. Consumers from the individualistic countries are considered to care about themselves and demand a higher level of responsiveness and assurance. On the other hand, consumers from high uncertainty avoidance cultures are assumed to rely more on tangible questions of service quality, as these are the only predictable service quality indicators. A t-test and regression analysis are applied to validate the constructs. Results - The respondents from the Anglo-Saxon countries are more generous on service evaluations than Koreans. Researchers have indicated that Americans tend to give higher service evolution scores than European, Mexican, and Korean counterparts. The tendency is the same here. The sample from Anglo-Saxon countries demonstrated higher service evaluation scores on every dimension of SERVQUAL. For the second hypothesis, the respondents from the collectivistic culture rely less on core service dimensions (assurance and responsiveness) due to their tendency to place more value on group harmony than individual interest. However, the third hypothesis was not validated. Conclusions - The study attempted to expand the scope of service marketing to reflect cross-national perspectives. Service quality is known to have a strong influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty behavior. However, this research demonstrated that individuals from different cultural territories respond heterogeneously to the same stimuli. Scholars argue that national cultures are main factors in such deviated behavior. Scholars and global managers should be aware of differences in consumer value judgment mechanisms such as satisfaction, expectations, and perceptions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 2013

A purpose of this study, after identifying the status and type of changes derived elements that make up the Seowon(書院); landscape space and the space of the during the recent World Heritage, focusing promote the newly introduced trees listed in the important value, authenticity and integrity aspects The results can be summarized as follows. The results can be summarized as follows. Appeared trees in various old documents are 10 species; Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Prunus mume(Siebold) Siebold & Zucc., Salix koreensis Andersson. The planting space shows regularity of some degree depends on the status of the species, essentially 3 types of Juniperus chinensis L., Lagerstroemia indica L., Phyllostachys nigra(Lodd.) Munro are primarily located in inside of seowon(書院), Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino., Salix koreensis Andersson is in out side of seowon(書院). 5 types of location space to species such as Juniperus chinensis L., Ginkgo biloba L. species are the most frequently appear and it can be national representative trees. Plants which have limited vitality is a factor to prove a history of seowon(書院), it is accord with authenticity aspects that it gives meaning of symbolic to canonized figure's preference Maintenance work carried out over the years has damaged to origin of tree and thoughtlessly planted without having to go through a thorough historical research has resulted in weakening the presence of the essential space. It should preserve to features originally it have is figure reflect the viewpoint of the transformed current private to reveal the history of the various places. In conclusion, this research continues to study at the spatial dimension like a building in limited to panted, and also determine the intrinsic value of the overall spatial configuration.