• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cultural Heritage Preservation

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Alteration of Physical and chemical Characteristics of Waterlogged Archaeological Woods After Cleaning (세척 후 수침고목재의 물리.화학적 특성 변화)

  • Cha, Mi-Young;Lee, Kwang-Ho;Kim, Yoon-Soo
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.19
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    • pp.19-30
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    • 2006
  • Alteration of physical and chemical characteristics and the effect of removal of mineral substances in waterlogged archaeological woods by different cleaning processes were examined using oak wood(Quercus spp.) that was excavated from wetland near Gwangju, Korea. Cleaning methods employed in the present work were (1) tools, (2) deaeration, (3) EDTA and (4) ultrasonic cleaning, which are being currently applied in the field of preservation treatment. Cleaning process were performed independently or continuously. Composition of mineral substances in the waterlogged archaeological wood was almost same as the that of soil in which waterlogged archaeological woods were buried. In case of independent cleaning, tools cleaning efficiently removed the mineral substances on surface. Surface color become brighter after cleaning with EDTA. In contrast, deaeration and ultrasonic cleaning did not show any significant removal of mineral substances. In continuous cleaning process, tool cleaning as the first step treatment showed the same effect as shown in independent cleaning. Although deaeration as the second step cleaning did not remove the mineral substances, it could be assumed to contribute the infiltration of dimensional agents by homogenization of wood. EDTA treatment (the third step cleaning) removed the iron(Fe) and increased the whiteness of wood color. The ultrasonic treatment (the fourth step cleaning) removed the sodium(Na) remained after EDTA treatment and the fine mineral substances.

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A Study of the Microstructure and Impurity Characteristics of Cast Bronze in Koryo Period (고려시대의 청동 주물에서 관찰되는 불순물(Cu2S) 특성 연구)

  • Choi, Jung Eun
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.313-320
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    • 2016
  • The aim of this study was to obtain information on the ancient material of cast bronze through an investigation of the microstructure and impurity characteristics of the casting. Three Koryo bronze coins were analyzed using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and electron dispersive X-ray analyses were used to determine the composition of the specimens. The three coins had 4 phases: ${\alpha}phase$, ${\delta}phase$, Pb, and impurities ($Cu_2S$). $Cu_2S$ was found to exist near Pb or in ${\delta}phase$. $Cu_2S$ is the inter mediate product of copper ore refining. Therefore, the copper ore was not completely refined. To find out the characteristic of $Cu_2S$, we melt 1)Koryo bronze coin and 2)$Cu_2S$ and Pb powder at 1273 K. The reaction between $Cu_2S$ and Pb at 1273 K yielded fine Cu and black gas, which was identified to be PbS and is presented below: $Cu_2S+Pb{\rightarrow}PbS{\uparrow}+2Cu$.

Architectural characteristics of Nakseonjae through Comparisons with Hanyang's Upper-Class Houses in Late Joseon Dynasty (조선후기 한양의 상류주택과 비교를 통한 낙선재의 건축특성 연구)

  • Cho, Kyu-Hyung
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.7-26
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    • 2012
  • Nakseonjae in Changdeokgung Palace was established at The King Hunjong's 13rd year (1847), the mid-19th century. It was constructed for own rests of King Hunjong and the residence of Kyungbin (king's concubines), and is showing features of upper-class houses from several points such as rustic architectural types by getting out of authoritative aspects as king's shelter space within the palace, block and floor distribution that separated spaces for men and women, simplicity in structures and styles, and non-colorful painting etc. This study aims at tracing on which architectural types did the upper-class houses within Hanyang (modern Seoul) at late Joseon Dynasty have and what was characteristics of Nakseonjae. The resemblance between Nakseonjae and the upper-class houses was very little differences from scale aspects, and floor plan shapes of Anchae (women's quarters) and Sarangchae (men's quarters) were followed basic common styles. Also, resemblance could be confirmed in the structural styles too. Characteristics of Nakseonjae are showing apparent differences from clearance compositions such as hall configuration etc. Nakseonjae was king's dwelling place, and spaces for house's collateral functions such as kitchen, stable, and warehouse etc together with shrine were unnecessary, and such places were substituted into servants' quarters for assisting the Royal family. In detailed structural styles, column's size was larger 3cm or more than the upper-class houses, and its height was higher to the degree of 30~60cm. Besides, formality as king's shelter space was raised more in decorating aspects, and Nakseonjae was implemented by getting architectural influences from Qing Dynasty of China. This study induced features of Hanyang's upper-class houses at the 19th century by supplementing distribution and space configurations at existing cases of Seoul and Gyeonggi area together with house diagrams having been collected by Gaokdohyung (site and floor plan) of Jangseogak Library, and confirmed resemblances and differences with Nakseonjae, that is, features of Nakseonjae. Through the result, this study judges a fact that architecture of Nakseonjae seemed to be affected from conveniences of upper-class houses within Hanseong, and also architectural styles and distribution types of Nakseonje would give influences to the upper-class houses.

A Study on the Dimensional Stability of Archaeological Waterlogged Salix koreensis Andersson Treated with Recycled PEG (재활용 PEG를 이용한 수침 고버드나무의 치수안정화 연구)

  • Yang, Seok-Jin;Lee, Soo;Kim, Jong-Hwa
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.635-641
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    • 2014
  • Archaeological waterlogged woods require a process of dimensional stabilization for their conservation. PEG is the most widely used in the conservation of archaeological waterlogged wood. One of the easiest and commonly used methods is the impregnation of 40% polyethylene glycol followed by vacuum freeze drying. However, the waste fluid produced from the PEG treatment is black in color and has a severe odor due to the organic matter extracted from the wood. Thus It cannot be recycled and it was just thrown out. Color of waste fluid can be decolored with oxidation reaction by hydrogen peroxide. Properties of PEG before and after preservation treatment, and after oxidation with $H_2O_2$ were not changed. Dimensional stability of archaeological waterlogged Salix koreensis Andersson was studied with pure or recycled PEG. The ratio of impregnation solutions were 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 0:10 (pure PEG : recycled PEG). Impregnation process was carried out by putting the wood specimens 10% PEG solution for 5days, 20% for 5 days, 30% for 5 days finally 40% for 5 days. All of the specimens showed the weight change rate of 25%. SEM results provided that the dimensional change of were less than 4% PEG impregnated specimens. Comparing with pure PEG impregnation system, conservation precess mixed PEG also showed no significant changes. Conclusively, the recycled PEG can be used for archeological waterlogged wood conservation precess.

Geophysical exploration for the Site Charcteristics of Iljumun Gate in Hwanseongsa Temple (지구물리탐사를 이용한 경산시 환성사 일주문 지반조사)

  • Kim, Ki-Hyun;Suh, Man-Cheol
    • 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2008.10a
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    • pp.131-136
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    • 2008
  • We performed a non-destructive geophysical survey such as an elastic wave survey, electric specific resistance survey, plate loading test, etc. in order to grasp the structure and status of the ground around the pillar gate and to provide the directions and design data for preservation and maintenance during reconstruction. The result of electric specific resistance survey shows 50-1300 ohm-m range of general electric specific resistance distribution. Besides, the positions around 1m south of stone pillars, between stone pillar No.3 and 4, and 1m north of stone pillar No.2 and 3 show abnormality of relatively lower electric specific resistance than their surroundings. The abnormality of low electric specific resistance appearing between stone pillar No.3 and 4 shows consistency with the abnormal section appearing from the result of elastic wave reflection survey. The result of a plate loading test shows that allowable bearing force is over $10.70tf/m^2$, and the settlement amount at this time was calculated as 19.635mm. The design load during reconstruction of pillar gates was calculated as $16.37t/m^2$ by applying assumption values, which is far more than the allowable bearing force, so it is judged that a measure to strengthen the foundation ground is necessary.

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A Comparative Study on the Type of Scenic Spots in Northeast Asia (동북아시아 명승 유형 비교연구)

  • Lee, Jin-Hee;Lee, Young-Yi;Lee, Jae-Keun
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.31-38
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted for the purpose of pursuing the development of Korean scenic spots1) by comparing policies of preserving and maintaining scenic spots in Northeast Asia, especially in South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China. The objects to be compared for this study were the concepts and designation criteria of scenic spots, the types and present conditions of designated scenic spots and the preservation policies and budgets for scenic spots and so on. As for the research methods, analyses of literary documents, domestic and oversea on-site surveys and mutually-comparative analyses of translated data from China, Taiwan and Japan, etc. were used for this study, and the main results obtained by those research methods can be summarized as blow. As for the present conditions of designated scenic spots, it was found that there were more natural scenic spots than natural ones in Korea, Taiwan and China, while there were more cultural heritages designated as scenic spots than natural heritages in Japan. With Tourism Development Ordinance additionally enacted, which involves the contents related to the permission of tourism development and investment for scenic spots, the Taiwanese government tries to activate tourist attractions by attracting private enterprises' investments. What is unique about Japan is that some places can be pre-designated as scenic spots through an education committee called 'Scenic Spot Designation Committee'. The study of the book was investigation analysis with the designated present situation and the actual situation of the northeastern Asian national natural beauty spot. The type of Korea natural beauty spot resources and the appointment. I was going to offer it with a basic document to expect a designated standard and the designated activation of the Korea natural beauty spot.

The Conservation Treatment of the Bark of Wooden Sculpture (목제 조각품의 수피부 보존처리)

  • Kim, Young Mok;Han, Ye Bin;Shin, Jeong Ah;Cha, Sun Min;Kwon, Hee Hong
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.37 no.5
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    • pp.516-524
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    • 2021
  • The 'artist's intention' plays an important role in the conservation process of contemporary art. Accordingly, the information on artworks owned by the artist, their bereaved family members, and foundations that have decision-making power is important. The artist's interview is the kind of data that can clear 'artist's intentions' to ensure reliable conservation treatment can be carried out even after the artist's death. Therefore, this study attempted to use information from the artist's interview on the type of wood in the manufacture of the filler required for lifted and separated bark conditions in the conservation process of wooden artwork in the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art. While the conservation treatment resulted in the stable preservation of the bark of artwork, an analysis of the wood confirmed that the information in the artist's interview was not true. Consequently, we suggest that attention must be paid toward the information provided by artist, their bereaved families, etc. Based on the result of this study, this is also expected to help preserve upcoming artworks with similar bark conditions.

A Study on the Landscape Design Strategies for Regeneration of Post-Industrial Sites of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Region in China (중국 경진당(京津唐) 지역 산업 이전적지(移轉跡地) 재생 전략 연구)

  • Zhang, Xin-Yu;Choi, Jung-Mean
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.50 no.4
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 2022
  • This study aims to discover the implications through the analysis of the characteristics and design strategies of the regeneration of the post-industrial sites in the metropolitan the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region. This study provides a basis for future research and theoretical strengths for post-industrial site regeneration practices. The results of the study are as follows. First, post-industrial site regeneration projects pursue diverse goals such as industrial heritage preservation, cultural creativity, and neighborhood revitalization in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region. Second, in the design process, the characteristics and spatial levels of the space are enhanced by utilizing the original industrial space, incorporating transitional space, and using industrial facilities of varying heights. Third, old and new landscape elements are harmoniously integrated through the rational use of industrial relics and the appropriate addition of new elements. Fourth, the design emphasizes ecological soil restoration and the use of native and adaptable plants that have the capacity to remediate polluted soil. Fifth, the design combines modern artistic elements, such as sculpture and graffiti art to enrich the site and promote the revival of the post-industrial site. Sixth, urban events and public activities are actively programmed to vitalize the regenerated site.

Conservation Treatment of Jangbogwan from the Joseon Dynasty (조선시대 장보관(章甫冠)의 보존처리)

  • Lee Hyelin;Park Seungwon
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.30
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    • pp.1-22
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    • 2023
  • This study aims to document the conservation treatment of the fine-hemp official headgear housed by the National Museum of Korea, and to reconsider its existing name following the restoration of the original form of the damaged cultural heritage asset. The headgear consists of a single inner frame with a vertical line at the front, a single outer frame surrounding the inner frame, and a double-layered headband that spans the circumference of the wearer's head and joins the inner and the outer frames. This study applied a conservation treatment to the men's undyed hemp headgear of the Joseon Dynasty in order to remove contaminants and foreign substances on the surface and repair the partially deteriorated and damaged fabric, thereby restoring and stabilizing the original shape and preparing it for exhibitions. The hemp headgear was sewed both by hand and with a sewing machine. Although its overall composition and style are similar to the same type of official headgear from the Joseon Dynasty, the use of a sewing machine supports the assumption that it was produced in the early 1900s. This study identified similarities between the overall composition and shape of the fully-preserved hemp official headgear and those of the jangbogwan, a type of men's official headgear worn by Confucian scholars as part of their everyday attire, and compared it with the shape of jangbogwan seen in documentary records, illustrations, prior research, and portraits from the Joseon Dynasty, as well as with the characteristics of extant jangbowan artifacts, eventually concluding that it is appropriate to classify and name the headgear as a jangbogwan.

Dispersion of Standing Stones at Noseongsan(Mt.Noseong) and Aspect of the Stone Decorated Garden(Soo-suk Jeongwon) at Chongsuk-Sa(Chongsuk Buddhist Temple) in Nonsan City (논산 노성산(魯城山)의 입석(立石) 분포와 총석사(叢石寺) 수석(樹石)의 정원적 면모)

  • Rho, Jae Hyun;Huh, Joon;Jang, Il Young
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.160-189
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    • 2010
  • This study has been designed to grasp the present situation, shapes and meaning of the standing stones and rock pillars in the whole area of Noseong Mountain Fortress in Nonsan City which have never been academically reported yet. Accordingly, the research was carried out to grasp the spatial identity of Noseong Mt. and Noseong Mountain Fortress and the dispersion of standing stones scattered around inside and outside Noseong Mountain Fortress, while the shapes and structural characteristics of stones were investigated and analyzed focusing on Chongsuk Temple, which was considered to have the highest density of standing stones and greatest values for preservation as a cultural property. In consideration of the reference to the 'Top Sa' (tower temple) at the 'Bul Woo Jo' (Article about Buddhism Houses) of 'Shinjoong Dongguk Yeoji Seungram', theoretical existence of the temple according to surveying investigation, and the excavation records of roof tile pieces with the name of 'Gwan Eum Temple', it is presumed that there had been a Buddhist sanctum inside the fortress and it could be connected to the carved letters, 'Chongsuk Temple'. According the observation survey, the 6th place of standing stones among many other places inside the fortress shows that Chongsuk Temple appears to have the strong characteristics of artificially constructed space in consideration of the size of trees and stones, the composite trend of tree and stone composition, and trace of the adjacent well and strand and the construction of stairway leading to the stone gate. Along with the constellation of the Big Dipper carved on a rock at the same space, the stones, on which the letters of 'Shinseonam', 'Chilseongam' and 'Daejangam' were carved, including 'Chongsuksa', and the carved statue of Buddha, which was assumed to be Avalokitesvara Guan Yin, have offered clue which make it possible to infer that the space was a space for Chilseong and Mountain god(Folk Belief) that had originated from the combination of Buddhism, Taoism and folk religion. According to the actual measurement of standing stones at Chonsuk Temple, it was identified that there were big differences in height among 24 stones in total, ranging from 402~29cm and the averaged distance between each stone appeared to be 23.6cm. And the shape of stones appeared to be standing or flat, and various stones such as mountain-like stones and Buddha-like stones were placed in a special arrangement or assorted arrangement, but the direction of the stones had a consistency pointing to the west. And comparing to the trace of construction of ZEN Landscape Garden well known in the country, the three flat stones except for the standing and shaped stones appeared to have the shape of meditation statue, which is the typical formational factors of a ZEN Landscape Garden, on the basis of formational technique of stones. Among them, the flat stone facing the Buddhist saint statue, was formed by way of symbolization of three-mountain stone, which was assumed to be an offering stone for sacrificial food rather than carrying out ZEN Meditation. In consideration of the formation of standing stones at Chong-suk Temple, which was carried out in the composite stoning method based using the scalene triangle with ratio of 3:5:7 in order to seek the in-depth beauty based on the stone statues of three Buddhas where the three factors such as heaven, earth and humans are embodied in the elevated or flat formation, the stones at Chongsuk Temple and the space seemed to the trace of contracted garden construction that was formed with stones for a temple, so that could be used for ZEN meditation.