• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2012

페루 남동부 지역에 위치한 꾸스코 동-금을 포함한 다중금속 광상 지역의 지질은 고생대 페름기-중생대 삼첩기 변성퇴적암인 미투(Mitu)층군과 이를 관입한 동시기 관입암으로 구성되어 있다. 조사지역은 페름기-삼첩기 관입암과 관련된 U-W-Sn-Mo, Au-Cu-Pb-Zn, REE 광화작용과 관련된 금속광화 대로 알려져 있다. 특히 해당 관입암은 대자율 측정 결과 S-type, 티탄철석계열과 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다. 꾸스코 지역은 깔까 북쪽과 시꾸아니 부근에 주요 광화대가 발달하고 있다. 조사대상 광상은 아줄 동, 올미오 동, 빅토리아 금, 빠딴자 동, 나우챠피-초차까나 동, 체카 금광상이다. 아줄 광상의 모암은 안산암질암이며 광석광물로는 반동석 및 황동석이 산출하며, 동은 7.81~15.3%의 범위를 가지고 평균 10.7%이다. 올미오 광상의 모암은 흑색편암이며 엽리를 따라 산화동이 충진되어 있고, 동은 0.61~2.60%의 범위를 가지고 평균 1.74%이다. 빅토리아 광상의 모암은 변성퇴적암이며, 석영맥 충진형 광상으로 금함량은 < 0.1 g/t, 은함량은 < 0.1~< 0.3 g/t이다. 빠딴자 광상에서는 이암 또는 실트암의 층리를 따라 충진하고 있는 산화동이 산출하며, 동은 3.74~9.21%의 범위를 보이며 평균 6.21%이다. 나우챠피-초차까나 광상은 적색사암의 층리를 교대충진하고 있는 산화동 광체이며, 동은 1.62~10.5%의 범위를 가지며 평균 6.39%이다. 체카 광상은 모암인 규암이 각력화작용을 받은 부분에서 금이 산출되고 있는 것으로 보고되어있으나 분석결과 금이 탐지되지는 않았다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Certain crop-based waste materials have been recognized as cost-effective and highly efficient adsorbents for removal and recovery of different kind of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The ability is strongly attributed to the carboxyl functional group of some pectin substances such as galacturonic acid often found in fruit peels. The present manuscript was aimed at assessing the potential applicability of banana peel for metal removal from contaminated waters. METHODS AND RESULTS: As revealed by laboratory investigations, banana peel contains pectin (10-21%), lignin (6-12%), cellulose (7.6-9.6%), and hemicelluloses (6.4-9.4%). The pectin extraction is reported to have glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, and galactouroninc acid. Several studies conducted under different conditions proved that banana peel is capable of adsorbing 5.71, 2.55, 28.00, 6.88, 7.97, and 5.80 mg/g of $Cd^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Ni^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, and $Zn^{2+}$, respectively, from aqueous solutions. Adsorption capacity is, however, dependent upon several factors including solution pH, dose of adsorbent and metal concentration, contact time and shaking speed. CONCLUSION(S): Since the annual world production of banana exceeds 100 million tons, about 40 million tons of banana peel (40% of total weight of the fresh fruit) remains vastly unused. Exploring a sound technology with banana peel would therefore, not only address the much needed sustainable tool for cleaning contaminated waters, but of course bring an additional value to the banana industry worldwide.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.271-276
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• 1994

A Na-cellulose adsorbent was prepared by treating Sigma S-5504 cellulose with 2M NaOH and examined the adsorption behavior between metal ions and Na-cellulose in aqueous solution with batch method. Considering ion exchange capacity of Na-cellulose, the adsorption ratio of the Na-cellulose to metals charge equivalent indicated that the adsorption result from ion exchanging between metal ions and Na-cellulose. The enthalpy for the metal adsorption on the Na-cellulose was calculated to -18kcal/mol, which value was compared to those of carboxymethylcellulose(CMC) and Dowex 50W-X8, these result suggested that the adsorption on Na-cellulose resulted from ion exchange adsorption.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.873-880
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• 2009

A novel xylanase gene, Kxyn, was cloned from Kocuria sp. Mn22, a bacteria isolated from the deep sea of the east Pacific. Kxyn consists of 1,170 bp and encodes a protein of 390 amino acids that shows the highest identity (63%) with a xylanase from Thermohifida fusca YX. The mature protein with a molecular mass of approximately 40 kDa was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant Kxyn displayed its maximum activity at $55^{\circ}C$ and at pH 8.5. The $K_m,\;V_{max}$, and $k_{cat}$ values of Kxyn for birchwood xylan were 5.4 mg/ml, $272{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}mg$, and 185.1/s, respectively. Kxyn hydrolyzed birchwood xylan to produce xylobiose and xylotriose as the predominant products. The activity of Kxyn was not affected by $Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;Na^+,\;K^+$, ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol, DTT, or SDS, but was strongly inhibited by $Hg^{2+},\;Cu^{2+},Zn^{2+}$, and $Pb^{2+}$. It was stable over a wide pH range, retaining more than 80% activity after overnight incubation at pH 7.5-12. Kxyn is a cellulase-free xylanase. Therefore, these properties make it a candidate for various industrial applications.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.230-236
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• 1993

The isocitrate lyase extracted from Micrococcus luteus was purified 38.8 folds with the overall yield of 10.2%, by the ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose, 1st Sephadex G-200 and 2nd Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The purified enzyme showed to be a single protein band by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated 60,000 by the SDS-polyacry]amide gel electrophoresis. The apparent Michaelis constant, Km value for isocitrate was 0.95 mM. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were pH 7.5 and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was activated by $Mg^{2+}$ and inhibited by $Mn^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$ and $CO^{2+}$. In addition, the activity of isocitrate lyase was increased by glutathione and 2-mercaptocthanol at 5 mM and cysteine at I mM.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 1997

An extracellular proteinase of Candida albicans was purified by a combination of 0~75% ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchange chromatography, and Sephacryl S-200 HR molecular sieve chromatography. Its mlecular weight was approximately 41 kDa on SDS-PAGE and isoelectric point was 4.4. The enzyme was inhibited by pepstain A. Optimum enzyme activity ranged from pH 2.0 to 3.5 with its maximum at pH 2.5 and a temperature of 45$^{\circ}C$. The addition of divalent cations, $Ca^{2+}$, Zn$^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$, resulted in no significant inhibition of enzymatic activity. However, some inhibitory effects were observed by Fe$^{2+}$, Ag$^{2+}$ and Cu$^{2+}$. With BSA as substrate, an apparent $K_m$ was determined to be 7$\times$10$^{-7}$ M and $K_i$, using pepstatin A as an inhibitor, was 8.05$\times$10$^{-8}$ M. N-terminal amino acid sequence was QAVPVTLXNEQ. Degradation of BSA and fibronectin was shown but not collagen, hemoglobin, immunoglobulin G, or lysozyme. The enzyme preferred peptides with Glu and Leu at the P$_1$ position, but the enzyme activity was highly reduced when the P$_2$ position was phe or pro. This enzyme showed antigenicity against sera of patients with candidiasis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.256-262
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• 2011

A 20.9-kDa metalloprotease was isolated from dried fruiting bodies of the wild basidiomycete mushroom Lepista nuda. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protease was seen to be ATFVLTAATNTLFTA, thus displaying no similarity with the sequences of previously reported metalloproteases. The protease was purified using a procedure that entailed ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Cellulose, Q-Sepharose, and Mono S, and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. The protease functioned at an optimum pH of 7.0 and an optimum temperature of $50^{\circ}C$. It was also noted that the protease demonstrated a proteolytic activity of 1,756 U/mg toward casein. The $K_m$ of the purified protease toward casein was 6.36 mg/ml at a pH of 7.0 and with a temperature of $37^{\circ}C$, whereas the $V_{max}$ was 9.11 ${\mu}g\;ml^{-1}\;min^{-1}$. The activity of the protease was adversely affected by EDTA-2Na, suggesting that it is a metalloprotease. PMSF, EGTA, aprotinin, and leupeptin exerted no striking inhibitory effect. The activity of the protease was enhanced by $Fe^{2+}$, but was curtailed by $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Fe^{2+}$ ions. The protease also exhibited inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an $IC_{50}$ value of 4.00 ${\mu}M$. The $IC_{50}$ values toward hepatoma Hep G2 and leukemia L1210 cells in vitro were 4.99 ${\mu}M$ and 3.67 ${\mu}M$, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.123-154
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• 1982

Petrochemical, K-Ar dating, Sand Rb/Sr isotopes, metallogenic zoning, paleomagnetic and geotectonic studies of the Gyongsang basin were carried out to examine applicability of plate tectonics to the post-late Cretaceous igneous activity and metallogeny in the southeastern part of Korean Peninsula. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Bulgugsa granitic rocks range from granite to adamellite, whose Q-Ab-Or triangular diagram indicates that the depth and pressure at which the magma consolidated increase from coast to inland varying from 6 km, 0.5-3.3 kb in the coastal area to 17 km, 0.5-10 kb in the inland area. 2. The volcanic rocks in Gyongsang basin range from andesitic to basaltic rocks, and the basaltic rocks are generally tholeiitic in the coastal area and alkali basalt in the inland area. 3. The volcanic rocks of the area have the initial ratio of Sr^{87}/Sr^{86} varying from 0.706 to 0.707 which suggests a continental origin; the ratio of Rb/Sr changing from 0.079-0.157 in the coastal area to 0.021-0.034 in the inland area suggests that the volcanism is getting younger toward coastal side, which may indicate a retreat in stage of differentiation if they were derived from a same magma. The K_2O/SiO_2 (60%) increases from about 1.0 in the coastal area to about 3.0 in the inland area, which may suggest an increase indepth of the Benioff zone, if existed, toward inland side. 4. The K-Ar ages of volcanic rocks were measured to be 79.4 m.y. near Daegu, and 61.7 m.y. near Busan indicating a southeastward decrease in age. The ages of plutonic rocks also decrease toward the same direction with 73 m.y. near Daegu, and 58 m.y. near Busan, so that the volcanism predated the plutonism by 6 m.y. in the continental interior and 4 m.y. along the coast. Such igneous activities provide a positive evidence for an applicability of plate tectonics to this area. 5. Sulfur isotope analyses of sulfide minerals from 8 mines revealed that these deposits were genetically connected with the spacially associated ingeous rocks showing relatively narrow range of ${\delta}^{34}S$ values (-0.9‰ to +7.5‰ except for +13.3 from Mulgum Mine). A sequence of metallogenic zones from the coast to the inland is delineated to be in the order of Fe-Cu zone, Cu-Pb-Zn zone, and W-Mo zone. A few porphyry type copper deposits are found in the Fe-Cu zone. These two facts enable the sequence to be comparable with that of Andean type in South America. 6. The VGP's of Cretaceous and post Cretaceous rocks from Korea are located near the ones($71^{\circ}N$, $180^{\circ}E$ and $90^{\circ}N$, $110^{\circ}E$) obtained from continents of northern hemisphere. This suggests that the Korean peninsula has been stable tectonically since Cretaceous, belonging to the Eurasian continent. 7. Different polar wandering path between Korean peninsula and Japanese islands delineates that there has been some relative movement between them. 8. The variational feature of declination of NRM toward northwestern inland side from southeastern extremity of Korean peninsula suggests that the age of rocks becomes older toward inland side. 9. The geological structure(mainly faults) and trends of lineaments interpreted from the Landsat imagery reveal that NNE-, NWW- and NEE-trends are predominant in the decreasing order of intensity. 10. The NNE-trending structures were originated by tensional and/or compressional forces, the directions of which were parallel and perpendicular respectively to the subduction boundary of the Kula plate during about 90 m.y. B.P. The NWW-trending structures were originated as shear fractures by the same compressional forces. The NEE-trending structures are considered to be priginated as tension fractures parallel to the subduction boundary of the Kula plate during about 70 m.y. B.P. when Japanese islands had drifted toward southeast leaving the Sea of Japan behind. It was clearly demonstrated by many authors that the drifting of Japanese islands was accompanied with a rotational movement of a clock-wise direction, so that it is inferred that subduction boundary had changed from NNE- to NEE-direction. A number of facts and features mentioned above provide a suite of positive evidences enabling application of plate tectonics to the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary igneous activity and metallogeny in the area. Synthesizing these facts, an arc-trench system of continental margin-type is adopted by reconstructing paleogeographic models for the evolution of Korean peninsula and Japan islands. The models involve an extention mechanism behind the are(proto-Japan), by which proto-Japan as of northeastern continuation of Gyongsang zone has been drifted rotationally toward southeast. The zone of igneous activity has also been migrated from the inland in late-Cretaceous to the peninsula margin and southwestern Japan in Tertiary.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.148-151
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• 2002

To clarify of chemical contents for the Keumsan ginseng, two attempts have been done for two year: 2 year and 4 year-ginsengs coilected from the phyllite(Ph0 and granite area(Gr), and 1 year, 2 year and 3 year-ginsengs collected from the phyllite(Ph), shale(Sh) and granite (Gr), In the first attempt, the soil contents of the Ph are high in most of elements. In the comparisons between ages of the ginseng, regardless the area, most of the elements are high in the 4 year and these trends are distinctive in the granite area. In the comparisons of the areas, 2 year-ginsengs of the Ph show high contents in the most of the elements. Comparisons between upper part(leaf and branch) and root part of the ginsengs show that in the 2 year-ginseng, the Gr is high in the root part and the Ph is high in the upper part, while in the 4 year-ginseng, most of the elements are high in the root part. Comparisons between contents of soil and ginsengs show similar in crease and decrese trends. However, the 2 year-ginsengs show clear differences between two areas while in the 4 year-ginseng, differences between the Gr and Ph is not clear. It suggest that the ginsengs absorb eligible element contents with ages, despite of clear content differences of the different soils. In the second attempt, the Gr shows high W, Pb, Th, U, Sn and B contents wlile Ph and Sh show high Ni, Cr, Co, Sc, V, As, Cu and Zn contents. In the comparisons between ages of the ginseng, regardless the area, most of the elements are high in the 2 year, especially in the Gr and Ph. In the comparisons of the areas, 2 year-ginsengs of the Gr show low contents in the most of the elements, and the S1 show higher Ni, V, Th and U contents than the Ph. 3 year-ginsengs of the Gr show low contents in the most of the elements, while the S1 show high contents in the most of elements. relative to the Ph. Comparisons between upper part and root part of the ginsengs show that in the ginseng, regardless the ages, the upper part is high. Comparisons between contents of soil and ginsengs show similar increase and decrese trends, and soil is low than the ginsengs in the most of the elements

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.980-987
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cell status of BOEC on development of bovine IVM/IVF embryos and gene expression in BOEC before or after culturing of embryos. The developmental rates beyond morula stage in the BOEC co-culture group was significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). In particular, blastocyst production in the BOEC co-culture group (28.3%) was dramatically increased compared with the control group (7.2%). In the in vitro development of bovine IVM/IVF embryos according to cell status, the developmental rates beyond morula stage in the primary culture cell (PCC) co-culture group were the highest of all experimental groups. Expression of genes related to growth (TGF-${\beta}$ EGF and IGFBP), apoptosis (Bax, Caspase-3 and p53) and antioxidation (CuZnSOD, MnSOD, Catalase and GPx) in different status cells of BOEC for embryo culture was detected by RT-PCR. While EGF gene was detected in isolated fresh cells (IFC) and PCC, TGF-${\beta}$ and IGFBP were found in IFC or PCC after use in the embryo culture, respectively. Caspase-3 and Bax genes were detected in all experimental groups regardless of whether the BOEC was used or not used in the embryo culture. However, p53 gene was found in IFC of both conditions for embryo culture and in frozen/thawed culture cells (FPCC) after use in the embryo culture. Although antioxidant genes examined were detected in all experimental groups before using for the embryo culture, these genes were not detected after use. This study indicated that the BOEC co-culture system used for in vitro culture of bovine IVF embryos can increase the developmental rates, and cell generations and status of BOEC might affect the in vitro development of bovine embryos. The BOEC monolayer used in the embryo culture did not express the growth factors (TGF-${\beta}$ and EGF) and enzymatic antioxidant genes, thereby improving embryo development in vitro.