• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.3289-3293
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• 2014

Femtosecond laser ablation (fs LA) was used in this study to identify pollution by heavy metals and the distribution of elemental nutrients at different rice milling ratios. Polished rice (degrees of milling of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) was collected from major Korean supermarkets and one sample thereof was selected. An internal quality control experiment was conducted using a rice flour certified reference material from the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS CRM) for the evaluation of the efficacy. To assess the effectiveness of the analysis method, the reliability was validated using a food analysis performance assessment scheme (FAPAS), with chili powder serving as an external quality control. The results of the analysis of the inorganic elements Ti, Ca, Al, Fe and Mn in white and brown rice with degrees of milling of 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 using ICP-MS, ICP-OES and AAS revealed contents of 0.40, 49.2, 2.43, 5.36 and 10.3 mg/kg in white rice and 0.59, 78.0, 7.52, 11.0 and 18.5 mg/kg in brown rice, respectively. Among the elements, there were remarkable differences in the measured contents. By comparing the contents of the elements at different degrees of milling, Ti, Co, As, Ca, Al, Cu, Fe, and Mn were determined to be distributed on the surface of the rice grains, whereas the contents of Cd and Pb increased toward the center of the rice grains, and Si was evenly distributed. After the quantitative analysis of rice samples polished to different degrees of milling, Ca and Al, which were contained in large amounts, and Si were analyzed with specificity by fs LA. The results show that Ca and Al were distributed in the rice husk (protective covering of rice) and Si was distributed in all parts of the rice.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.391-404
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• 2000

This study investigated the geochemical characteristics of mine drainage discharged from an abandoned coal mine in the Hwasoon area. Surface water samples were collected from 23 locations along the Hancheon creek. The concentration of Zn and Cu in stream waters was highest at low pH (3.53), whereas the content of TDS and TDI was highest at high pH (7.78) due to the concentration of Ca, $HCO_3$ and $SO_4$. At the upstream site, the Ba, Fe, Mn, Zn, and $SO_4$ contents were relatively high but decreased significantly with the distance from the coal mine. On the contrary, the Na and $NO_3$ contents were low at the upstream site but increased downstream. Yellow precipitate material collected in the Hancheon consisted mainly of iron and LOI. This yellow precipitate was heated from 100 to $900^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. With increasing temperature, the intensity of hematite peaks were sharply produced in X-ray pattern and the absorption band Fe-O of hematite increased in IR due to dehydration and melting. The yellow to brown precipitate and evaporite materials were collected by a air-dry from the acid mine water at the laboratory. After drying, the concentration of ions in the acid water samples increased progressively in oversaturation with respect to either gypsum, ferrohexahydrite or quenstedetite. The X-ray powder diffraction studies identified that the precipitated and evaporated materials after drying were well crystallized gypsum, ferrohexahydrite and quenstedetite. Diagnostic peaks used for identification of gypsum were the 7.65, 4.28, 3.03, 2.87 and 2.48$\AA$ peaks and those for ferrohexahydrite were the 5.46, 5.12, 4.89, 4.44, 4.05, 3.62, 3.46, 3.40, 3.20, 3.03, 2.94, 2.53, 2.28, 2.07, 1.88 and 1.86${\AA} peaks. The IR spectra with OH-stretching, deformation of $H_2O$and ${SO_4}^{2-}$stretching vibration include the existence of gypsum, ferrohexahydrite and quenstedetite in the precipitated and evaporite materials. In the SEM and EDS analysis for the evaporite material, gypsum with well-crystallized, acicular, and columnar form was distinctly observed.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.478-484
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• 2004

Freshness maintenance of polyethylene packaging film containing surface-modified zeolite was investigated depending on the nature of substituted cations and cationic surfactants. Freshness maintenance was designed to work by cation or cationic surfactant adsorbed onto the zeolite surface by ion-exchange method. Cationic surfactants such as DODAB (n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide), CTAB (n-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), and DHAB (n-dihexadecyldime-thylammonium bromide), and cations ($Ce^{3+},\;Al^{3+},\;Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{2+},\;Ag^{3+},\;Na^{1+}\;and\;Cu^{3+}$) were used. Surface-modified zeolite powder was compounded with LDPE to produce $20\;wt\%$ zeolite masterbatch (M/B), and the M/B was again blended with LDPE to get zeolite-containing LDPE films with 3, 5, $10\;wt\%$ of zeolite (width: 40 cm, thickness: $40\;{\mu}m$). Mechanical properties of zeolite-containing LDPE films generally decreased with increasing zeolite content. However, cationic surfactant-modified zeolite film showed the better mechanical properties compared to cation-modified zeolite film. As for the freshness maintenance, the zeolite-containing films modified with cationic surfactants or cations ($Al^{3+},\;Ag^{3+}$) showed the best performance.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.4
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• pp.55-64
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• 1986

Polyphenol oxidase in japanese pear (Pyrus communis var. mansamkil) was isolated, partially purified and its some properties were investigated. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis indicated two bands with polyphenol oxidase activity in the extract from acetone dry powder of par flesh. These two polyphenol oxidases (PPO A and PPO B) were purified through acetone precipitation and diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography. PPO A and B were purified 7.8 fold and 8.7 fold by the present procedure, respectively. The Rm values of partially purified PPO A and B were estimated to be 0.58 and 0.68, respectively. The optimum temp, and pH of PPO A activity were $33^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0, while those of PPO B were $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.2, respectively. Two PPO were unstable over the temperature of $60^{\circ}C$. The substrate specificity of pear PPO showed high affinity toward o-diphenolic compounds, especially catechol in PPO A and chlorogenic acid in PPO B, but inactive toward m-diphenol, p-diphenol and monophenols. PPO A showed affinity toward the trihydroxyphenolic compound. $Zn^{{+}{+}}$ activated the PPO A activity but $Fe^{{+}{+}}$ inhibited PPO B activity, while $Fe^{{+}{+}}$ and $Zn^{{+}{+}}$ activated the PPO B activity, while $Fe^{{+}{+}}$ and $Zn^{{+}{+}}$ activated the PPO B activity but $K^+$, $Mg^{{+}{+}}$, $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ and $Hg^{{+}{+}}$ inhibited at 10mM concentration. $Cu^{{+}{+}}$ activated the enzyme action at low concentrations but inhibited at high concentration. Inhibition studies indicated that L-ascorbic acid, L-cysteine and thiourea were most potent. The Km values of PPO A and PPO B for catechol were 20mM and 14.3mM, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.758-763
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• 1999

The protective effects of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) extract and fucoidan components on the attack of oxygen radicals in kidney were studied, Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats (210 $\pm$ 5 g) were with fed experimental diets of Dasi-Ex group (sea tangle extract powder of $4.0\%$ added to control diet), Euco-I, II and III groups (fucoidan powder of 1, 2 and $3\%$, respectively, added to Dasi-Ex group) for 45 days, Hydroxyl radical formations were significantly decreased ($10\~15\%$ and $15\~30\%$) in mitochondria and microsomes of Dasi-Ex and Fuco-I, II, III groups compared with control group. Hydrogen peroxide formations were also significantly decreased ($10\~15\%$) in microsomes of Dasi-Ex and Fuco-I, II, III groups compared with control group. Significant differences in mitochondrial basal oxygen radical (BOR) and microsomal induced oxygen radical (IOR) formations of Dasi-Ex and Fuco-I groups could not be obtained, but mitochondrial BOR and microsomal IOR formations were significantly decreased ($12\~15\%$ and $13\~14\%$) in Fuco-II and III groups compared with control group. BOR formations were significantly decreased ($12\~25\%$) in microsomes of Dasi-Ex and Fuco-I, II, III groups, and IOR formations were also significantly decreased ($10\~15\%$) in mitochondria of Fuco-I, II, III groups compared with control group, Significant differences in mitochondrial Mn-SOD activities of Dasi-Ex group could not be obtained, but mitochondrial Mn-SOD activities were dose-dependently increased by $8\%,\;16\%$ and $36\%$ in Fuco-I, II and III groups compared with control group, Mn-SOD activities an microsome were significantly increased about $20\%$ in Dasi-Ex group, while they were remarkably increased about $40\%$ in Fuco-I, II and III groups compared with control group. lipid peroxide contents were significantly decreased about $15\%$ and $15\~25\%$ in mitochondria and microsomes of Fuco-II and III groups. Membrane fluidities resulted in marked increases ($20\~35\%$ and $17\~24\%$) in mitochondria and microsomes of Dasi-Ex and Fuco-I, II and III groups. These results suggest that administrations of fucoidan added to sea tangle may play a pivotal role in attenuating attack of oxygen radicals in kidney.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2013

Recently, the uses of Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) for radiation treatment simulation and planning which is used for intensity modulated radiation therapy with high technique are increasing. Because of the increasing uses of MDCT, additional doses are also increasing. The objective of this study is to evaluate the absorbed dose of body and skin undergoing in MDCT scans. In this study, the exposed dose at the surface and the center of the cylindrical water phantom was measured using an pencil ionization chamber, 30 cc ionization chamber and TL Powder. The results of MDCT were 31.84 mGy, 33.58 mGy and 32.73 mGy respectively. The absorbed dose at the surface showed that the TL reading value was 33.92 mGy from MDCT. These results showed that the surface dose was about 3.5% from the MDCT exposure higher than a dose which is located at the center of the phantom. These results mean that the total exposed dose undergoing MDCT 4 times (diagnostic, radiation therapy planning, follow-up et al.), is about 14 cGy, and have to be considered significantly to reduce the exposed dose from CT scan.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.133-141
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• 2010

The protective effect of a mixed powder from solid-cultured and liquid-cultured Lentinus edodes mycelia (2:1, w/w) (designate LED) on the carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)- and ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity of male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat was investigated. In the $CCl_4$-induced rat hepatotoxicity experiment, rats of 4 groups (6 rats/group) were administere with Normal (0.2 ml distilled water), Control (0.2 ml distilled water), LED (LED 200 mg/kg BW + 0.2 ml distilled water), and Silymarin (200 mg/kg BW + 0.2 ml distilled water), p.o., daily for 2 weeks. Afterwards, all groups except for the Normal group were subjected to abdominal injection with $CCl_4$ ($CCl_4$ : corn oil, 1:1 v/v; 0.5 ml/kg BW). For the ethanol- induced rat hepatotoxicity experiment, rats were divided into 5 groups (5 rats/group): Normal; Pair-fed control (PFC); Control (ethanol); LED (ethanol + LED 200 mg/kg BW); and Silymarin (ethanol + silymarin 200 mg/kg BW). Rats of the Normal and PFC groups were fed a basal liquid diet, and rats of the Control, LED, and Silymarin groups were fed a liquid ethanol diet containing LED or Silymarin. Eight weeks later, blood and liver samples were collected to analyze biomarkers. In $CCl_4$-induced SD rats, LED elevated hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH peroxidase) activities and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) were reduced, resulting in the reduction of glutamate-oxalate transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in plasma. Similar results of these enzymes and biochemical markers in both liver tissues and plasma were seen in ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity of SD rats. In addition, elevated alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and reduced expression of cytochrome p450 mixed monooxygenase enzyme (CYP2E1) were seen in liver tissues from ethanol-treated rats by LED treatment. These effects of LED were similar to those of Silymarin. In in vitro experiments, LED showed antioxidant activity in a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) system and mouse liver mitochondria system induced by NADPH/$Fe^{2+}$ and cumine hydroperoxide (CuOOH). These results indicate that LED protected SD rat hepatotoxicity, induced by $CCl_4$ and ethanol, through its antioxidative activity and might be useful as a material for protection from hepatoxicity in humans.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.419-426
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• 2001

This study was carried out to develope a convenient instant spiced Toha-jeot. Toha-jeot was manufactured by five samples; 8%, 10%, 13% 23% sodium chloride and a conventional type soy sauce. The Toha-jeot was refrigerated at 4$\pm$1$\^{C}$ for 3 months and then boiled glutinous rice, red pepper powder, chopped garlic and ginger were added, and the spiced Toha-jeot was fermented at 4$\pm$1$\^{C}$ for 2 months, was freeze-dried at a condition of 40$\^{C}$, vacuum 100∼200 millitor millitorr and then packed in vacuum. It is called freeze-dried instant spiced Toha-jeot (FIST). Changes in the components and quality of refrigerated spiced Toha-jeot (RST) and FIST were investigated for 30day. The moisture content of RST was 53.79∼58.91%. Among the mineral constituents of RST, Na and Ca were dominantly occupying. Water activity of FIST was 0.28-0.39 while that of RST was 0.87-0.92. TBA value of FIST was lower than that of RST. Acidity, VBN (volatile basic nitrogen) and TBA(thiobarbituric acid) of the FIST and RST increased slightly, whereas pH decreased. The major components of fatty acids in FIST and RST were analysed into a feater amount of linoleic acid (Cl8:2), palmitic acid (Cl6:1), oleic acid (Cl8:1), linolenic acid (Cl8:3), EPA (C2O:5) and stearic acid(Cl8:0). In sensory evaluation, the RST had higher scores in color and taste and the FIST in chewiness and flavor. The qualitative characteristics and sensory evaluation of FIST and RST were similar.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2013

This study was aimed to provide the fundamental data about oxidized hair color products. For this reason, we collected 125 oxidized hair color products, which were distributed in domestic market from January to October, 2012, and measured the heavy metal concentrations of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper in the samples. Results were compared by domestic, foreign, henna, type and color. The average metal concentrations were as follows; 0.211 ${\mu}g/g$ for lead, 0.008 ${\mu}g/g$ for cadmium, 0.051 ${\mu}g/g$ for arsenic, 0.954 ${\mu}g/g$ for chromium, 6.250 ${\mu}g/g$ for manganese, 0.591 ${\mu}g/g$ for nickel and 0.544 ${\mu}g/g$ for copper. In case of lead and arsenic, the concentrations were much less than the regulated amount (20 ${\mu}g/g$ and 10 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively) suggested by MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). In henna (p < 0.05), the concentrations were significantly higher than those of other domestic and foreign oxidized hair color products as follows; 1.264 ${\mu}g/g$ for lead, 0.267 ${\mu}g/g$ for arsenic, 0.025 ${\mu}g/g$ for cadmium, 4.055 ${\mu}g/g$ for chromium, 72.044 ${\mu}g/g$ for manganese, 3.076 ${\mu}g/g$ for nickel and 4.640 ${\mu}g/g$ for copper. Statistically, it showed that the heavy metal concentrations were quite different for the different types of hair color products. The cream and liquid type products had the highest average concentration in chromium (0.708 ${\mu}g/g$, 0.478 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively). On the other hand, powder type products showed the highest concentration in manganese (60.041 ${\mu}g/g$). In addition, the concentrations of heavy metals and the color of products are not quite correlated. It was shown that average concentrations of lead and chromium were higher for yellow, chromium for red and pink, manganese for brown and black, and nickel for green.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 2006

This study has examined the physicochemical properties of the Pleurotus eryngii, including their proximate components, amount mineral content, total dietary fiber, total sugar, reducing sugar and free sugar. Additionally, it measured the P. egii ethanol extracts and the total amounts of polyphenol compounds as well as its electron donating ability (EDA) of the substance fraction (SF). The P. eryngii powder's moisture content was 9.0% and each of the other element content such as carbohydrate, crude protein, crude ash and crude fat was found to be 63.06%, 20.70%, 5.20% and 2.0% respectively. Potassium (K) was shown to be the greatest inorganic content and manganese (Mn) was the lowest. Furthermore fructose, galactose, glucose lactose and maltose free sugar content was found in this order. 387 mg% of the total amounts of polyphenol was found in the P. eryngii whole body ethanol extract, 158 mg% in the stipe extract, 593 mg% in the pileus extract and 607 mg% in the substance fraction (SF). Electron donating ability (EDA) was highest at 91.12% in the whole body extract and lowest at 62.90% in the stipe extract. Additionally, the EDA for substance fraction (SF) 0.02%-0.1% was found to be 57.78-77.33%, which was lower than the 0.02%-tocopherol (93.92%) and BHT (96.72%). From these results, it can be assumed that P. eryngii offers superior antioxidative effects with its high content of fiber, inorganic materials and total amounts of polyphenol as well as high electron donating ability (EDA), thereby making it ideal for use in functional foods and industrial materials.