• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2012

In the extreme conditions of launch vehicle in a space, such as cryogenic temperature and low-gravity environment, the mass gauging of remaining propellants becomes a difficult problem. Pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) method is one of the attractive mass gauging methods under low-gravity due to its simplicity and reliability. PVT gauging experiment with various mass flow rates of helium injection is carried out with the experimental apparatus creating cryogenic homogeneous condition as the condition of low-gravity. Experimental results are analyzed by a novel PVT gauging analysis method which considers all instantaneous changes of pressure and temperature in the ullage volume with small time intervals. It is observed that the gauging error from the novel PVT gauging analysis is -0.11% with 2 slpm mass flow rate of helium injection.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.216-217
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• 2006

A common problem in many fields of cryogenic power engineering is to apply high voltage to cold parts of superconducting equipment. In many of these cases a bushing provides electrical insulation for the conductor which makes the transition from ambient temperature to the cold environment. The cryogenic high voltage bushing for the 154kV, 100MVA high temperature superconducting(HTS) transformer is described. The bushing is energized with the line-to-ground voltage between the coaxial center and outer surrounding conductors, in the axial direction there is a temperature difference from ambient to about 77 K. For the insulation design of cryogenic bushing, the arrangement of condenser cone and electrical insulation characteristics of GFRP, Air, $LN_2$ and $GN_2$ were discussed in this paper.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.394-399
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• 2019

Plywood is a laminated wood material where alternating layers are perpendicular to each other. It is used in a liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier for an insulation system because it has excellent durability, a light weight, and high stiffness. An LNG cargo containment system (LNG CCS) is subjected to loads from gravity, sloshing impact, hydrostatic pressure, and thermal expansion. Shear forces are applied to an LNG CCS locally by these loads. For these reasons, the materials in an LNG CCS must have good mechanical performance. This study evaluated the shear behavior of plywood. This evaluation was conducted from room temperature ($25^{\circ}C$) to cryogenic temperature ($-163^{\circ}C$), which is the actual operating environment of an LNG storage tank. Based on the plywood used in an LNG storage tank, a shear test was conducted on specimens with thicknesses of 9 mm and 12 mm. Analyses were performed on how the temperature and thickness of the plywood affected the shear strength. Regardless of the thickness, the strength increased as the temperature decreased. The 9 mm thick plywood had greater strength than the 12 mm thick specimen, and this tendency became clearer as the temperature decreased.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 1995

The structural materials for cryogenic technology have been recently developed to support the many modern large-scale application from superconducting magnets for nuclear fusion reactor, magnetic levitation railway to LNG tankers. However it is pointed out that quenching phenomenon is one of the serious problems for the integrity of these applications, which is mainly attributed to the rapid temperature rising in the material due to some extrinsic factors of structures. From the viewpoint of fracture mechanics, it is therefore very important to clarify the mechanism of temperature rising of structural material due to cyclic loading at cryogenic temperature. From this purpose, fatigue test was carried out for high manganese steel at liquid helium temperature(4.2K) using triangular stress waveform to identify both the mechanism of temperature rising near crack tip and the effect of loading stress waveform on temperature rising near crack tip and the effect of loading stress waveforms on temperature rising. As the results, two types of temperature rising, that is, regular and burst types were observed. And a periodical temperature rising corresponding to the stress waveforms was also found. The peaks of the temperature rising were recorded near both the maximum and the minimum values of the applied stress. The sudden temperature rises, which indicated the higher values than those of periodical temperature rises under the repetition of stress, were observed at the final region of crack growth. It was shown that the peak values of the temperature rising increased with stress intensity factor range.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.592-600
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• 2007

Nowadays, researches for replacing material systems for cryotanks by composites have been being performed for the purpose of lightweight launch vehicle. In this paper, a type 3 propellant tank, which is composed of the composite developed for cryogenic use and an aluminum liner, was fabricated and tested considering actual operating environment, that is, cryogenic temperature and pressure. For this aim, liquid nitrogen (LN2) was injected into the fabricated tank and in turn, gaseous nitrogen (GN2) was used for pressurization. During this test procedure, strains and temperatures on the tank surface were measured. The delamination between hoop layer and helical one, was detected during the experiment. Several attempts were followed to investigate the cause analytically and experimentally. Thermo-elastic analysis in consideration of the progressive failure was done to evaluate the failure index. Experimental approach through a LN2 immersion test of composite/aluminum ring specimens suitable for simulating the Type 3 tank structure.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2009

Casing leak tests using three kinds of static seals are performed by simulating test section for a 75 ton thrust class turbopump under ambient and cryogenic temperature environment. As results of application of Conical, PTFE, and C static seals to leak tests, even though they all work in normal temperature condition, only the PTFE and C static seals show good sealing performance in cryogenic condition. However, the Conical static seal fails because of the different thermal expansion rates due to the use of different materials in a LOX pump. It is found that unlike the PTFE and C static seals with sealing surfaces in axial direction, the sealing surface of the Conical static seal is in radial direction that may cause leak when the casings thermally shrink in radial direction. Especially, the C static seal reveals excellent sealing performance even for a used seal.

• Composites Research
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.52-57
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• 2004

In this study, mechanical tensile properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymeric (CFRP) composite cycled with thermo-mechanical loading under cryogenic temperature (CT) were measured using cryogenic environmental chamber. Thermo-mechanical tensile cyclic loading (up to 10 times) was applied to graphite/epoxy unidirectional laminate composites far room temperature (RT) to $-50^{\circ}C$, RT to $-100^{\circ}C$ and RT to $-150^{\circ}C$. Results showed that tensile stiffness obviously increased as temperature decreased while the thermo-mechanical cycling has little influence on it. Tensile strength, however, decreased as temperature down to CT while the reduction of strength showed little after CT-cycling. For the analysis of the test results, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of laminate composite specimen at both RT and CT were measured and the interface between fiber and matrix was observed using SEM images.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2021

As the demand for natural gas that satisfies environmental regulations increases, the quantities of natural gas cargo that carrier can load is also increasing. Natural gas is transported in a liquefied state at -163 ℃ to increase loading efficiency. Among several LNG CCS types, MARK-III types are generally adopted in terms of loading efficiency. The secondary barrier adhesives of the MARK-III, nevertheless, is subjected to tensile stress due to thermal contraction and tension in the environment. In terms of these reasons, local analysis of the adhesive to evaluate the stress state must be carried out. According to previous studies, local analysis is unavailable since material properties for secondary barrier adhesives have not been reported. Thus, in this study, the cryogenic tensile test and coefficient of thermal expansion of epoxy and polyurethane (PU15, PU45), which are most widely used at cryogenic temperatures, were experimentally analyzed. At cryogenic temperature, the mechanical behavior of the polyurethane adhesive was better than epoxy of the adhesive. the joint of FSB and epoxy adhesive of the secondary barrier has the maximum coefficient of thermal expansion difference at 25 ℃ and minimum at -150 ℃, respectively.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2024

During the initial thermal design process, determining the thermal effect of various design variables in a complex orbital thermal environment is time-consuming. To save time in the initial design phase, it is necessary to quickly derive optimal design parameters and predict the temperature. To address these challenges, Veritrek, a software specialized in optimal design using a reduced-order model (ROM), was released in 2018. In this paper, we utilized the Veritrek software to build a reduced-order model, conduct sensitivity analysis, and perform optimal design analysis for a graphite sheet-based cryogenic cooler thermal control system. The goal was to determine the optimal design values for the number of graphite sheet layers, radiator area, and thickness that would meet the allowable temperature of the cryogenic cooler.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.319-321
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• 2010