• 한국재료학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2023

In this study, crystallization was effectively suppressed in Al-based metallic glasses (Al-MGs) during pulverization by cryo-milling by applying an extremely low processing temperature and using a surfactant. Before Al-MGs can be used as an additive in Ag paste for solar cells, the particle sizes of the Al-MGs must be reduced by milling. However, during the ball milling process crystallization of the Al-MG is a problem. Once the Al-MG is crystallized, they no longer exhibit glass-like behavior, such as thermoplastic deformation, which is critical to decrease the electrical resistance of the Ag electrode. The main reason for crystallization during the ball milling process is the heat generated by collisions between the particles and the balls, or between the particles. Once the heat reaches the crystallization temperature of the Al-MGs, they start crystallization. Another reason for the crystallization is agglomeration of the particles. If the initially fed particles become severely agglomerated, they coalesce instead of being pulverized during the milling. The coalesced particles experience more collisions and finally crystallize. In this study, the heat generated during milling was suppressed by using cryo-milling with liquid-nitrogen, which was regularly fed into the milling jar. Also, the MG powders were dispersed using a surfactant before milling, so that the problem of agglomeration was resolved. Cryo-milling with the surfactant led to D50 = 10 um after 6 h milling, and we finally achieved a specific contact resistance of 0.22 mΩcm² and electrical resistivity of 2.81 μΩcm using the milled MG particles.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.223-225
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• 2017

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is arguably the most powerful tool used in structural biology. It is an important analytical technique that is used for gaining insight into the functional and molecular mechanisms of biomolecules involved in several physiological processes. Cryo-EM can be separated into the following three groups according to the analytical purposes and the features of the biological samples: cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), cryo-single-particle reconstruction, and cryo-electron crystallography. Cryo-tomography is a unique EM technique that is used to study intact biomolecular complexes within their original environments; it can provide mechanistic insights that are challenging for other EM-methods. However, the resolution of reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) models generated by cryo-ET is relatively low, while single-particle reconstruction can reproduce biomolecular structures having near-atomic resolution without the need for crystallization unless the samples are large (>200 kDa) and highly symmetrical. Cryo-electron crystallography is subdivided into the following two categories according to the types of samples: one category that deals with two-dimensional (2D) crystalline arrays and the other category that uses 3D crystals. These two categories of electron-crystallographic techniques use different diffraction data obtained from still diffraction and continuous-rotation diffraction. In this paper, we review crystal-based cryo-EM techniques and focus on the recently developed 3D electron-crystallographic technique called microcrystal-electron diffraction.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2020

나트륨 농축수로부터 나트륨 화합물을 합성하기 위하여 탄산화(step I) 및 저온 결정화(step II)를 수행하였다. 탄산화 과정에서는 반응 온도를 조절 변수로 이용하여 이를 통해 이산화탄소(95 wt.%)의 용해도 및 pH를 변화시켰다. 저온 결정화 과정은 탄산화 과정 후 2 ℃로 유지한 상태에서 진행하였다. 이산화탄소의 주입은 용액 내 탄산 이온의 안정적 생산과 포화 용해도를 고려하여 두 차례 주입하였다. 첫 번째 주입은 이산화탄소 주입량 증가 및 안정적인 탄산 이온 생성을 목적으로 반응 온도를 35 ℃에서 10 ℃로 변화시켜 CO₂의 용해도를 변화하고자 하였고, 두 번째 주입은 NaCl 용액 혼합과 동시에 탄산화를 통한 나트륨 화합물의 핵생성을 유도할 목적으로 수행하였다. 또한 저온 결정화에서는 pH 조절 및 반응 온도 변화(10 ℃에서 2 ℃)를 통해 탄산화 속도를 느리게 유도함으로써 나트륨 화합물의 결정 성장을 유도할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 NaOH 농도에 대한 효과를 검토하였으며 2M NaOH를 사용한 경우에 나트룸 화합물의 순도가 증가하였다. 또한, 합성 한 나트륨 화합물은 대부분 rod 형상을 갖는 물질들로 X-선 회절 분석을 통해 중탄산나트륨 또는 수화물(monohydrate) 형태의 탄산나트륨임을 확인하였다.