• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1482-1489
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the anti-proliferative effect of polysaccharides from Salicornia herbacea on HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Crude polysaccharides from S. herbacea (CS) were prepared by extraction with hot steam water, and fine polysaccharides from S. herbacea (PS) were obtained through further size exclusion chromatography. The anti-proliferative effect of CS and PS were measured using the MTS assay, apoptosis analysis, cell cycle analysis, and RT-PCR. HT-29 cells were treated with CS or PS at different dosages (0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg $ml^{-1}$) for 24 or 48 h. CS and PS inhibited proliferation and stimulated apoptosis of cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis after Annexin V-FITC and PI staining revealed that treatment with CS or PS increased total apoptotic death of cells to 24.99% or 91.59%, respectively, in comparison with the control (13.51 %). PS increased early apoptotic death substantially - up to 12 times more than the control. Treatment with CS or PS resulted in a concentration-dependent increase of the G2/M cell population of the cell cycle as determined by flow cytometry. G2/M arrest was induced significantly with the highest concentration (4 mg $ml^{-1}$) of PS. RT-PCR was performed to study the correlation between G2/M arrest and transcription of cell cycle control genes. The anti-proliferative activity of CS and PS was accompanied by inhibition of cyclin B1, and Cdc 2 mRNA. Moreover, both CS and PS induced expression of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the Cdk inhibitor p21. These results suggest that polysaccharides from S. herbacea have anti-cancer activity in human colon cancer cells.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2011

신령버섯은 담자균문, 주름버섯목, 주름버섯과에 속하는 식용버섯으로 혈당, 혈압강하효과와 콜레스테롤 저하, 항종양, 암예방 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 신령버섯의 자실체로부터 메탄올, 중성염용액 및 열수 등을 이용하여 조다당류를 추출하고 성분을 분석한 결과 ${\beta}$-glucan은 21.54~32.31%, 단백질은 0.16~9.34%로 구성되어 있는 것이 밝혀졌고 신령버섯 추출 조다당류를 Sarcoma 180, HT-29, NIH3T3 및 RAW 264.7 등의 암세포 및 정상세포에 대한 독성을 조사한 결과 10~2000 ${\mu}g/ml$의 조다당류 농도에서 각각의 세포는 세포독성을 나타내지 않았다. Sarcoma 180으로 접종된 ICR 생쥐에 신령버섯의 자실체에서 추출한 각각의 조다당류를 투여한 실험군은 대조군에 비해 수명이 각각 18.8~50.6% 연장되었다. 비장세포의 증식능과 B 임파구의 활성화에 미치는 alkaline phosphatase의 활성을 조사한 결과 비장 세포 증식능은 대조군에 대해 1.1~1.2배의 증식능을 보였고 B 임파구의 활성은 대조군에 대해 1.2~1.6배 증가하였다. 또한 버섯추출 조다당류를 투여한 실험군이 대조군에 비하여 대식세포에서 1.3~4.3배의 많은 nitric oxide를 발생시켰다. 비장세포에 여러 농도의 조다당류를 처리한 후 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2 및 IL-6 등의 사이토카인 분비량을 측정한 결과 생성된 사이토카인의 양은 대조군에 비해 2.2배 높게 나타났다. 중성염용액추출 조다당류를 50 mg/kg body weight의 농도로 투여한 실험군 생쥐의 총 복강 세포 수는 대조군에 비하여 4배 증가하였고, 열수추출 조다당류를 50 mg/kg body weight의 농도로 투여한 실험군 생쥐의 백혈구 수는 대조군에 비하여 각각 2.7배 증가하였다. 혈액생화학적 검사를 시행한 결과, 대조군과 유사한 경향을 나타냈다. 따라서 신령버섯의 자실체에서 추출한 조다당류는 생쥐의 면역을 증강시키는 것은 물론 Sarcoma 180에 대한 항암효과를 나타내는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 1984

Yam, Dioscorea batatas Decne (Dioscoreaceae) is a plant growing in Korea. Dioscoreae Rhizoma in the markets are classified into natural and cultural ones. These studies were conducted to investigate the differencies between natural and cultural Yams by characteristics of morphology, cell contents, chemical components and physical properties. More mucilage cells which contain calcium-oxalate raphides were contained in cultural Yam than natural Yam. However, the amount of crude protein, crude lipid and mucilage viscosity, swelling, gelatinization of polysaccharides were greater in natural Yam than the other. It is suggested that natural Yam is excellent as nutrition agent in quality and worthwhile as a resource of crude drugs.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.159-168
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• 1994

From the hot water extract of bracken(Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum), a Korean win edible plant, anti-complementary acidic polysaccharides were Isolated. Crude polysaccharide fraction(HPA-1) was obtain ed by methanol reflux, ethanol precipitation, dialysis, and lyophilization. HPA-1 contained 81.80% of total sugar, 30.40% of uronic acid, and 15.60cA of protein. HPA 1 was purified consecutively by cetavlon fractionation and chromatography including ion exchange nth DEAE-Sepharose CL 6B and gel permeation with Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose CL-6B. HPA-2- IVa and HPA-Va-2 were nearly homogeneous on HPLC and had 500,000 and 560,000 daltons of molecular weights, respectively. HPA-2-Wa consisted of fucose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid at the molar ratio of 1.40 : 0.97 : 1.88. HPA-2-Va 2 was composed of rhamnose, galactose, and galacturonic acid at the molar ratio of 1.00 : 1.38 : 1.39. The polysaccharides were found to activate the C3 component both In the presence and In the absence of Ca2+ through the crossed-immunoelectrophoresis suggesting that those Involved in both classical and alternative complement pathway.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.245-254
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• 2016

Water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from the rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum and fractionated using ionexchange chromatography were investigated to determine their structure and immunostimulating activity. Crude and fractions ($F_1$ and $F_2$) consisted of carbohydrates (85.1~88.3%) with proteins (4.51~11.9%) and uronic acid (1.79~7.47%), and included different levels of mannose (62.3~76.3%), glucose (15.2~20.3%), galactose (4.35~15.3%), and arabinose (4.00~7.65%). The crude contained two peaks with molecular weights (Mw) of $151{\times}10^3$ and $31.8{\times}10^3$, but $F_1$ and $F_2$ exhibited one major peak with Mw of $103{\times}10^3$ and $628{\times}10^3$, respectively. Little immunostimulatory activity was observed by the crude; however, $F_1$ and $F_2$ significantly activated RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and various cytokines, suggesting they were potent immunostimulators. The backbone of the most immunostimulating fraction ($F_1$) was ($1{\rightarrow}4$)-manno- and ($1{\rightarrow}4$)-gluco-pyranosyl residues with galactose and glucose attached to O-6 of manno-pyranoside.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1481-1486
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• 2009

The immunomodulating effect of Salicornia herbacea polysaccharides on BALB/c mice splenocytes was investigated. Crude (CS) and fine polysaccharide (PS) extracts with potential biological activity were prepared from S. herbacea. For in vitro experiments, splenocytes and separated T cells were treated with CS and PS (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL). For in vivo experiments, the CS and PS were orally administered to BALB/c mice every day for 2 weeks. For basic data analysis, physiological parameters were recorded. Cell proliferation of splenocytes and T cells was used as an index for immunomodulating activity. The proliferation of splenocytes and separated T cells was 3.2 and 3.5 times higher than the control, respectively. Moreover, when splenocytes were treated with mitogen, the highest proliferation rate was observed in splenocytes cultured with PS. Interestingly, the stimulative activity of PS was more strongly exerted through $CD4^+$ T cells than through $CD8^+$ T cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.855-866
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• 2021

The effects of various carbon sources on mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis of the medicinal fungus Inonotus obliquus in liquid fermentation were investigated. After 12-d fermentation, mycelial biomass, polysaccharide yield, and polysaccharide content were significantly higher in Glc+Lac group (glucose and lactose used as combined carbon source) than in other groups. Crude polysaccharides (CIOPs) and the derivative neutral polysaccharides (NIOPs) were obtained from mycelia fermented using Glc, fructose (Fru), Lac, or Glc+Lac as carbon source. Molecular weights of four NIOPs (termed as NIOPG, NIOPF, NIOPL, and NIOPGL) were respectively 780.90, 1105.00, 25.32, and 10.28 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analyses revealed that NIOPs were composed of Glc, Man, and Gal at different molar ratios. The NIOPs were classified as α-type heteropolysaccharides with 1→2, 1→3, 1→4, 1→6 linkages in differing proportions. In in vitro cell proliferation assays, viability of RAW264.7 macrophages was more strongly enhanced by NIOPL or NIOPGL than by NIOPG or NIOPF, and proliferation of HeLa or S180 tumor cells was more strongly inhibited by NIOPG or NIOPGL than by NIOPF or NIOPL, indicating that immune-enhancing and anti-tumor activities of NIOPs were substantially affected by carbon source. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that expression levels of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and UDP-Glc 4-epimerase (UGE), two key genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis, varied depending on carbon source. Our findings, taken together, clearly demonstrate that carbon source plays an essential role in determining structure and activities of I. obliquus polysaccharides by regulating expression of key genes in polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2007

민긴뿌리버섯은 송이버섯과에 속하는 버섯으로 예로부터 식용은 물론 항암, 고혈압 및 진균감염증의 치료에 널리 이용해온 식의약용 버섯이다. 민긴뿌리버섯의 자실체로부터 중성염용액, 열수 및 메탄올을 이용하여 조다당류를 추출하여 Sarcoma 180에 접종된 ICR mice에 주사하여 수명연장 및 항암효과를 조사하였다. 세포독성 실험결과, 각각의 세포는 $10{\sim}1000\;{\mu}g/ml$ 추출물 농도에서 70% 내외의 생존율을 보여 세포독성을 나타내지 않았다. 각각의 조다당류가 투여된 실험군이 대조군에 비해 평균수명이 각각 $42.9{\sim}66.7%$ 연장되었다. 중성염용액 추출물은 B 임파구의 alkaline phosphatase 활성을 대조군과 LPS군에 비해 약 $1.4{\sim}3$배 내외의 증가율을 보였다. 총 복강 세포수도 대조군에 비하여 최고 3.5배 정도 증가하였으며, 혈액 중 백혈구의 수도 대조군에 비하여 약 2.5배 증가하였다. 그리고 면역에 관련된 장기인 간, 비장 및 흉선의 체중이 대조군에 비하여 증가된 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.712-716
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 해조류에 대한 방사선의 영향 평가에 관하여 알아보기 위하여 감마선 조사된 미역귀로부터 추출된 조다당의 추출수율 및 미백활성에 관하여 관찰하였다. 미백활성은 melanin 합성에 중요하게 작용하는 tyrosinase 억제활성과 melanocyte의 melanin 생성 억제능을 평가하였다. 실험 결과, 방사선의 조사는 선량 의존적으로 조다당의 추출수율을 증가시키고, tyrosinase 억제 활성 및 ${\alpha}$-MSH로 melanin을 과생성 시킨 B16BL6 melanoma 세포내 melanin 생성 억제 활성을 유지시켜 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 보아 감마선의 조사는 미백활성을 갖는 미역귀 조다당을 얻기 위한 효과적인 방법이며, 미백 산업 분야에서도 효과적으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.158-162
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• 1986

감의 연화에 따른 세포벽다당류의 조성과 함량 및 gel여과를 통한 개략적인 분자량의 변화를 조사하였다. 조세포벽의 함량은 연화된 감에서 현저히 감소되었는데 구체적으로 ionically associated pectin (IAP )은 59%, covalently bounded pectin (CBP)은 60%, $0{\sim}3N$ KOH soluble hemicellulosic fraction($HF_2$)은 74%가 감소된 반면 4N KOH soluble hemicellulosic fraction($HF_2$)과 cellulosic fraction(CF)은 큰 변화가 없었다. 신선한 감과 연화된 감의 IAP와 CBP 구성다당류의 조성은 uronic acid외에 hemicellulose에 유래한 Pentose와 hexose가 함유되어 있었고 연화에 따라 IAP에서는 pentose가 CBP에서는 hexose가 감소되었다. 개략적인 분자량은 IAP의 400만과 25만의 Peak이 130만과 6만으로, CBP의 경우는 400만이상의 Peak이 60만과 20만으로 CBP에서의 저분자화 정도가 현저하였다. $HF_1$과 $HF_2$ 역시 polyuronide의 함유율이 높았는데, $HF_2$가 현저하였다. 또 연화에 따라 $HF_1$은 pentose가 $HF_2는$ uronic acid와 hexose의 손실율이 높았다. $HF_1$의 연화에 따른 재략적인 분자량은 200만의 peak이 2개로 분리 되었고 $HF_2$는 수백만 단위의 거대분자가 만단위까지 저분자화 하였다. 이상의 결과에서 감의 연화는 CBP에 인결된 hemiceldlose중 특히 $HF_2$의 저분자화와 CBP자체의 분해 내지가용화 현상과 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 판단되었다.