• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.303-314
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• 1988

Tong-ri beach has not enough vegetation to be enjoyed by the sea bathers and to be satisfied with preventing the disaster-damages, but mixed forest near the beach can work its funtions and the old forest of Pirus thunbergii $P_{ARL}$. near the beach do a Little. Therefore it is very urgent to plant more trees near the beach for bathers and disaster-damage prevention. This study was carried out for planning an afforestation, with reporting upon the crown amounts and soil properties of disaster-damage prevention forests of P. thunbergii $P_{ARL}$. planted on the coast sand dunes in 1970 and 1976, and with reporting upon the valuation on soil properties of the lands near the beach in order to set the afforestation site. The results are as follows : 1. In disaster-damage prevention forests, crown surface area and crown volume became increasingly greater in proportion to the height. To D.B.H., crown volume also became increasingly greater in proportion, but crown surface area was directly proportional. 2. In comparison to sail characteristics of sand dune, those of the forests were in large quantity in OM, T-N and avail. $SiO_2$, and almost in the same in avail. $P_2O_5$, but in small quantity in exchangeable canons : K, Ca, Mg and Na. 3. EC, Cl and pH were in small value in the forest soils, but CEC was in large value in those soils. 4. Above facts showed that the forests fulfill their functions for preventing disaster-damages and improve their soil properties. 5. The forests have naturally been thinned up to 34% in 17 years and 39% in 11 years, and one can easily pass through the forest(planted in 1970), because of its sufficient clear-length(2.71m) and its space to pass. 6. A plan for afforestation was oracle nut after judging several sites by the evaluation on the soil properties and considering the best relaxation and the prevention of the various disaster-damages upon which were reported in the last issue. 7. Afforestation should be kept for maintaining its appropriate density for best relaxation and disaster-damage prevention.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.734-741
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• 1998

Electrode characteristics were studied in the interface between sample solutions and $K^+$ ion selective PVC membrane electrodes containing neutral carriers, dibenzo-18-crown-6(D18Cr6) and valinomycin(Val). The effect of doping of base electrolytes, the chemical structure and the content of carrier, variation of plasticizer, membrane thickness, and concentration variation of sample solution on the response characteristics of electrode such as the measured Nernstian slope, the detection limit, the linear response range, and potentiometric selectivity coefficients, were studied. In order to synthesize the membrane D18Cr6 and Val as neutral carriers were used, and complex between the carrier and $K^+$ ions were used as active materials. PVC membrane electrodes were made of plasticizers (DBP, DOS, and DBS), the base electrolyte[potassium tetraphenylborate(KTPB)], and solvent(THF). The chemical structure of carrier D18Cr6 was best for electrode and ideal electrode characteristics were appeared especially in case of doping of TPB. The optimum carrier content was about 3.23 wt % in case of D18Cr6 and Val. DBP was best as a plasticizer. As membrane thickness decreased the electrode characteristics was improved. But its characteristics were lowered below the optimum membrane thickness because of the elution of carrier, deterioration of membrane strength, etc. In the case of D18Cr6, the selectivity coefficients by the mixed solution method for the $K^+$ ion were in the order of $NH_4{^+}>Ca^{2+}>Mg^{2+}>Na^+$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.334-344
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• 2020

A total of 24 families, 44 species, and 658 benthic macroinvertebrates were identified, and Ecdyonurus dracon Kluge (13%) was the dominant species in forested streams within the Yeonyeopsan (Mt.). A total of four habit categories (i.e., clingers (56%), burrowers (19%), swimmers (14%), and sprawlers (56%)) were identified, and clingers were the dominant habit at all survey points except point one (UP1). Habitat characteristics were depended on the hydraulic factors (e.g., flow velocity, depth, and substrates), water quality (e.g., DO and water temperature), and the habitat characteristics were differed in the riffle, which has a faster the flow velocity, compared by in the stagnant pool. In other words, in riffles, the clingers dominated in high flow velocity with the large maximum and median grain size for substrates in the habitats regardless of depth, but the burrowers and sprawlers were dominant in low flow velocity with the small maximum and median grain size for substrates in the habitats. Moreover, DO and flow velocity were in positive correlation (y = 0.6666x - 0.659, R² = 0.0851), and the habitat for burrowers was wider than that for sprawlers or clingers. The water depth was negatively correlated with water temperature (y = -26.397x + 283.87, R² = 0.1802) since the water temperature is more sensitive to insolation in shallow depth. pH was positively correlated with water temperature. The investigation of the habitat characteristics by separating the relations between pH and DO in upstream and downstream showed the low pH and high DO in the upstream with a high crown density of 68%, regardless of community composition. On the other hand, high pH and low DO in the downstream with a relatively low crown density of 51%. It was considered that the riparian forest played a role in suppressing the growth of attached algae and the controlling water temperature in headwater streams. Our findings identified the habitat characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates in a headwater stream. We expected that the finding can provide reference data for suggesting conservation and management plans in a headwater stream and increasing academic value.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.30-40
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• 2021

This study developed quantitative models to estimate the rainfall interception by seven native landscape tree species based on throughfall measurements. The tree species considered in this study were Abies holophylla, Acer palmatum, Ginkgo biloba, Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Prunus yedoensis, and Zelkova serrata, which are frequently planted in the Korea. Among these species, 35.8% of the annual precipitation was intercepted by P. koraiensis, 34.1% by A. holophylla, 31.0% by Z. serrata, 27.6% by P. densiflora, 26.9% by G. biloba, 18.6% by A. palmatum, and 18.4% by P. yedoensis. All the quantitative models showed high fitness with r² values of 0.90-0.99. The annual rainfall interception from a tree with DBH of 20 cm were greatest with Z. serrata (5.1 m³/yr), followed by P. koraiensis (4.1 m³/yr), A. holophylla (3.1 m³/yr), G. biloba (2.8 m³/yr), P. densiflora (2.1 m³/yr), P. yedoensis (1.9 m³/yr), and A. palmatum (1.8 m³/yr) in order. Thus, evergreen tree species or those with a relatively high crown density were more effective in intercepting rainfall. In particular, the annual rainfall interception by Z. serrata was the greatest because its crown area, volume, and density were higher than those of the other species. This study pioneers in quantifying annual rainfall interception for landscape tree species in Korea. The study results can be useful for evaluating rainfall interception by landscape trees in urban greenspace design for governments and corporations.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.68-80
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• 2021

This study aimed to provide basic data such as the structure of the Carpinus turczaninowii community and characteristics of the habitat environment for ex situ conservation by analyzing the plant community structure of Carpinus turczaninowii, an island plant resource. For the community structure analysis, this study established 29 plots, sized 100㎡ each, in Seokmo, Yeongjong, Yeongheung, and Daebu islands. TWINSPAN was used for the classification of communities. The classification identified six communities. Group I was the C. turczaninowii-Quercus serrata community, group II was the C. turczaninowii-Pinus densiflora community, group III was the C. turczaninowii-Quercus mongolica community, group IV was the C. turczaninowii-Sorbus alnifolia community, group V was the C. turczaninowii typical community, and group VI was the C. turczaninowii-Quercus variabilis community. The species diversity was 0.90008~1.12868, the dominance was 0.17536~0.25665, and the similarity index was 17.1429~38.2979%. The result of correlation analysis of 7 environmental factors for 6 communities by RDA ordination showed a positive correlation between the crown density and litter layer and a negative correlation between the bare rock, soil hardness, and altitude on the 1st axis. On the 2nd axis, the bare rock and crown density showed a positive correlation, and the slope showed a negative correlation. In the C. turczaninowii-Quercus serrata community (I), the crown density and the litter layer were the environmental factors affecting the vegetation distribution. In the C. turczaninowii-Pinus densiflora (II) and C. turczaninowii-Quercus mongolica (III) communities, the slope was the factor affecting vegetation distribution. In the C. turczaninowii-Sorbus alnifolia (IV), C. turczaninowii typical (V), and C. turczaninowii-Quercus variabilis (VI) communities, the bare rock, altitude, and soil hardness were the factors affecting vegetation distribution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2009

Forest biomass estimation is essential for greenhouse gas inventories and terrestrial carbon accounting. Remote sensing allows for estimating forest biomass over a large area. This study was conducted to estimate forest biomass and to produce a forest biomass map for Muju county using forest biomass conversion table developed by field plot data from the 5th National Forest Inventory and Landsat TM-5. Correlation analysis was carried out to select suitable independent variables for developing regression models. It was resulted that the height class, crown closure density, and age class were highly correlated with forest biomass. Six regression models were used with the combination of these three stand variables and verified by validation statistics such as root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias. It was found that a regression model with crown closure density and height class (Model V) was better than others for estimating forest biomass. A biomass conversion table by model V was produced and then used for estimating forest biomass in the study site. The total forest biomass of the Muju county was estimated about 8.8 million ton, or 128.3 ton/ha by the conversion table.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.51-62
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• 2017

For the purpose of the study, of the 76 areas subject to preliminary concentrated management on sediment disaster in the downtown area, 9 areas were selected as research areas. They were classified into three stratified rock areas (Gyeongsan City, Goheung-gun and Daegu Metropolitan City), three igneous rock areas (Daejeon City, Sejong Special Self-Governing City and Wonju City) and three metamorphic rock areas (Namyangju City, Uiwang City and Inje District) according to the characteristics of the bedrock in the research areas. As for the 9 areas, analyses were conducted based on tests required to calculate soil characteristics, a predictive model for root adhesive power, loading of trees and on-the-spot research. As for a rainfall scenario (rainfall intensity), the probability of rainfall was applied as offered by APEC Climate Center (APCC) in Busan. As for the prediction of landslide risks in the 9 areas, TRIGRS and LSMAP were applied. As a result of TRIGRIS prediction, the risk rate was recorded 30.45% in stratified rock areas, 41.03% in igneous rock areas and 45.04% in metamorphic rock areas on average. As a result of LSMAP prediction based on root cohesion and the weight of trees according to crown density, it turned out to a 1.34% risk rate in the stratified rock areas, 2.76% in the igneous rock areas and 1.64% in the metamorphic rock areas. Analysis through LSMAP was considered to be relatively local predictive rather than analysis using TRIGRS.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.21-30
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• 2017

This study analyzed the ground characteristics region by designating 3 research areas, Anrim-dong in Chungju City, Busa-dong in Daejeon Metropolitan City and Sinan-dong in Andong City out of the areas subject to concentrated management to prepare for sediment disaster in downtown areas. The correlation between ground characteristics were observed by using characteristics (crown density, root cohesion, rainfall characteristics, soil characteristics) and the risk areas were predicted through sediment disaster prediction modeling. Landslide MAPping (LSMAP), Stability Index MAPping (SINMAP) and Landslide Hazard MAP (LHMAP) were used for the comparative analysis of the hazard prediction model for sediment disaster. As a result of predicting the sediment disaster danger, in case of SINMAP which was generally used, excessive range was predicted as a hazardous area and in case of the Korea Forest Service's landslide hazard map (LHMAP), the smallest prediction area was assessed. LSMAP predicted a medium range of SINMAP and LHMAP as hazardous area. The difference of the prediction results is that the analysis parameters of LSMAP is more diverse and engineering than two comparative models, and it is found that more precise prediction is possible.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.241-258
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to analyze the factors that affect the habitat of fishes and amphibians in a mountain stream that is part of an experimental forest at Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam, Korea, and examine the differences in the presence of fishes and amphibians in the stream before and after construction of an erosion control dam. The results showed that the factors that affect the presence of fishes are pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), flow velocity, and step-pool number, and that the factors that affect the presence of amphibians are monthly rainfall, pH, EC, DO, and crown density. Of these factors, pH, EC, flow velocity, and monthly rainfall were significantly different before and after dam construction; however, the differences among the other three factors from dam construction, except EC, might not have been enough to affect the presence of fishes and amphibians. Our results suggest that the difference in the frequency of fishes and amphibians surveyed before and after dam construction in the upper and lower stream sections were not statistically significant. One exception to this was the presence of amphibians in the lower stream section during and after dam construction, which could have been the result of a large amount of sediment produced by excavation that led to high EC.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2009

The growth characteristics of Pinus thunbergii windbreak forest around Goosipo Beach, Sangha-Myon, Gochang-Gun, Jeollabuk-Do have been investigated, and the results are summarized as follows. The soil in the site was light acid sand with pH 5.7, and the mean sodium concentration of soils was 1.42dS/m. The tree diameter, height, crown width, and shape ratio(Height/DBH) were better with tree density was coming lower. Especially, the rate of shape ratio under 60 was more in sites with low tree density. This demonstrated that the trees have grown more soundly when the tree density was lower. The direction of main winds and distribution ratio of tree inclination had a correlation. The inclined trees are seemed to be influenced by main winds when they were younger and by Typhoon partly. Eighty one vascular plant species were found in the sites, and more number of herbaceous plants (57 taxa) lived there than woody plants (24 taxa). And more plant species of dune were found at the site where dune have developed well. Some thinning works need at high tree density areas in order to ensure effects of coastal windbreak.