• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2010

The medical emergency departments are suffering from the crowdness of patients, hence the quality of medical service the patients are receiving are getting poorer. Overcrowding of medical emergency departments may incur the waiting time for the treatment, and the improper treatment in time. For the operational control of the emergency department, the crowding index is commonly used to identify the crowding intensity, with which the operation process is managed, and future process can be expected. In this study the composite crowding index is suggested, in which the trend of inpatients rate, the age and acuity of patients, and resource of ED are considered. The validity of the suggested crowding index is discussed by the regression analysis for the index and the actual number of inpatients, and by the simulation study using the process model and the real data.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.5 s.52
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• pp.593-604
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• 1995

Mandibular incisor crowding is one of the most common features of malocclusion and is interesting characteristic in view of relapse and stability after orthodontic treatment. There are many potential factors in the etiology of lower anterior crowding. The tooth size variation is one of them, but biologic significance for the faciolingual width of the teeth has been overlooked. Peck and Peck reported that persons with ideal mandibular incisor alignment were shown to have incisor with smaller mesiodistal and larger faciolingual dimensions than persons with incisor crowding. On the basis of these findings they suggested MD/FL index as a clinical guideline for the assessment for lower incisor crowding. The present study was undertaken to examine the relationship between mandibular incisor crowding and mandibular incisor dimension, and determine their correlation with arch length discrepancy. 154 dental casts of people from 11 to 17 years of age were made, and were divided into normal group with irregularity index less than of 1, and crowding group with irregularity index greater than 1.The casts were measured and analyzed statistically. The results were as follows. 1. The mean mesiodistal width for mandibular incisor was larger in crowding group, and has significant difference in central inciosr measurement. There are no significant differences in the faciolingul width and MD/FL index. 2. Irregularity index has significant correlation coefficients with mesiodistal width and MD/FL index for mandibular incisor in crowding group, but no correlation with faciolingual width. It also has correlation with maxillary and mandibular arch length discrepancy, total tooth material, mandibular intercanine width, and mandibular inter first premolar width. 3. Upper and lower arch length discrepancy have significant correlation with mesiodistal width of mandibular incisor and overbite, but have no correlation with faciolingual width. Lower arch lenth discrepancy has significant correlation with MD/FL index for mandibular incisor and upper arch length discrepancy has correlation with MD/FL index for mandibular lateral incisor. 4. Significant differences were observed between normal and crowding group for the mandibular arch length discrepancy and overbite.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.67-85
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• 1988

This study focused o investigating the variables dauther-in-law and mother-in=-law's subjective household crowding. And which is the best index among space per person, persons per room, and the number of family members was the next issue. the results of this study were as follows. 1. Variables that effected on the dauther-in-law's subjective household crowding were expectation about the number of rooms, the educational level of the dauther-in-law, duration of marriage, educational level of mother-in-law, space per person. In the case of mother-in-law, these were duration of marriage, space per person, expectation about the number of rooms, educational level of mother-in-law. 2. The best objective household crowding index was the space per person. Finally we need to look at the suv-dimension that composed of subjective household crowding of the old.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2001

The effects of refining load on the paper properties were investigated. HwBKP, SwBKP and SwUKP were refined with PFI mill at the load of 3.33 N/mm and 6.00 N/mm. Higher Scott bond was obtained at the higher refining load for three pulp used in this study. However any changes in the light scattering coefficient with the change of refining load were not observed. Although the effect of refining load on the formation index for SwUKP was not observed, higher refining load gave the better formation for HwBKP and SwBKP. The fiber mass and fiber crowding factor were not affected by the refining load. Higher apparent density and tensile index were obtained with the higher refining load. However, the higher refining load did not improve the tensile index at the same apparent density. The tear index was decreased with the increase of refining load.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.3 s.46
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• pp.535-546
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• 1994

The research work has been conducted in order to establish facts on posterior available space in patients with crowding. The relation between crowding and posterior available space was worked out through a cross sectinal study of fifty eight patients showing class I malocclusion. In addition, a longitudinal overlapping study was done by examing twenty patients who had their bicuspid extracted and forty nine patients who did not, at the orthodontic department of dental clinic affiliated in Chosun University. The patients had been examined for three years and eight months on a regular basis, and the study yielded the following conculusion. 1. There was a great difference in posterior available space between patients with serious crowding and those with slight crowding. The former marked 15.2mm of posterior available space and the latter 19.9mm. 2. Posterior crowding index was acquired by joint consideration of the diameter of posterior teeth and posterior available space, and manifested the highest relationship with crowding among measured items. 3. Patients who had their bicuspids extracted exhibited increase in posterior available space of 1.6mm/year and those who did not 1.8mm/year. 4. The absorption of anterior border of ramus turned out to be most deeply related with the increase of posterior available space. 5. Anterior border of ramus was absorbed at the average rate of 0.7mm/year during the period of observation. 6. The extraction of bicuspids had little influnce on the change in posterior available space.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2000

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the association between H. pylori infection and socioeconomic status and to determine the current prevalence of H. pylori infection in Korean adolescents. Methods: A structured questionnaire was sent to the children's parents to obtain demographic information on the parents and environmental information. Of the 532 questionnaires sent out, 375 (70.5%; 170 girls and 205 boys) were returned. Their ages ranged from 10 to 15 years (mean, 12.9 years). After collecting blood samples, we measured serum IgG antibody to H. pylori using ELISA method. The association of risk factors such as age, sex, socioeconomic class, type of house, and crowding index with H. pylori infection were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. Socioeconomic status was estimated from the parents' education and occupation using a modified Hollingshead index. Results: The prevalence rate of H. pylori infection was 16.8% (63/375). It increased with age (10.3% at 10~11 years, 15.9% at 12~13 years, and 20.7% at 14~15 years). The H. pylori infection was inversely related to the socioeconomic class (6.3% for the upper class, 16.0% for the middle class, and 20.0% for the lower calss). Crowding condition and type of house did not affect significantly on seroprevalence of H. pylori infection. After logistic regression, we found that the odds ratio for age was 2.2 (95% confidence interval 0.9~5.4), and for socioeconomic status, 3.6 (95% confidence interval 0.5~28.9). Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Korean adolescents was 16.8%. It related inversely to socioeconomic status but was not statistically significant. Socioeconomic status based on parents' education and occupation seemed to affect more on H. pylori seroprevalence than crowding or type of house did.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate changes of the alveolar bone and interdental bone septum of the mandibular incisors through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) after orthodontic treatment of mandibular dental crowding without dental extraction. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 64 CBCT images(32 pre-treatment and 32 post-treatment) from 32 adult patients with class I malocclusion and an average age of 23.0±3.9 years. The width and height of the alveolar bone and interdental septum, the distance between the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the facial and lingual bone crests, and the inclination of the mandibular incisors were measured. Results: The distance between the CEJ and the marginal bone crest on the facial side increased significantly (P<0.05). An increased distance between the CEJ and the bone crest on the facial and lingual sides showed a correlation with the irregularity index (P<0.05); however, no significant association was observed with increasing mandibular incisor inclination (P>0.05). The change in the distance between the CEJ and the marginal bone crest on the facial side was correlated significantly with bone septum height(P<0.05). Conclusion: Bone dehiscence developed during the treatment of crowding without extraction only on the incisors' facial side. Increasing proclination of the mandibular incisor was not correlated with bone dehiscence. The degree of dental crowding assessed through the irregularity index was associated with the risk of developing bone dehiscence. The interdental septum reflected facial marginal bone loss in the mandibular incisors.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.233-251
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• 2010

Crowding effect is the impairment of peripheral object identification due to nearby objects. Binocular rivalry is a phenomenon in which perception alternates between two different objects presented separately to each eye. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between these two phenomena. We measured the magnitudes of visibility index of these two effects at 8 different locations of 3 different eccentricities (2, 5, and $10^{\circ}$). Significant positive correlation between the two measurements was found only near the fovea ($2^{\circ}$). Our study is the demonstration to show relationship between crowding and binocular rivalry.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.762-768
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• 2019

Doellingeria scabra Thunb. (syn. Aster scaber Thunb.), a perennial herb in the family Asteraceae, is frequently found in the wild mountain regions of Korea. This aim of this work was to measure the characteristics of patchiness of D. scabra in a local population on Mt. Maebong in Taeback-ci, Gangwon-do. The spatial distribution pattern of this species was estimated by analyzing ecological data by methods including the index of dispersion, Lloyd's mean crowding, and Morisita's index. The mean population density of the D. scabra population was 2.94. The D. scabra individuals were uniformly or randomly distributed in small-scale plots and were aggregately distributed in two large-scale plots ($16{\times}32m^2$ and $32{\times}32m^2$). The mean crowding ($M^*$) was 0.916. The mean patchiness index (PAI) was 0.796. Morisita's coefficient tended to decrease the density of the population as the plot size increased. The expected value of Eberhardt's index ($I_E$) in the local population was 2.623. Moran's I of D. scabra significantly differed from the expected value in 6 of 8 cases (75.0%). The first five classes were positive, with four showing statistical significance, indicating similarity among individuals in the first four distance classes (I-IV, 8 m), The results presented here could provide a theoretical basis for the conservation of D. scabra (Korean: chamchwi) and for the rehabilitation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems on Mt. Maebong, as well as on other mountains.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2021

Objectives: Household overcrowding (HC) can contribute to both physical and mental disorders among the members of overcrowded households. This study aimed to measure the status of HC and its main determinants across the provinces of Iran. Methods: Data from 39 864 households from the 2016 Iranian Household Income and Expenditures Survey were used in this study. The Equivalized Crowding Index (ECI) and HC index were applied to measure the overcrowding of households. Regression models were estimated to show the relationships between different variables and the ECI. Results: The overall, urban, and rural prevalence of HC was 8.2%, 6.3%, and 10.1%, respectively. The highest prevalence of HC was found in Sistan and Baluchestan Province (28.7%), while the lowest was found in Guilan Province (1.8%). The number of men in the household, rural residency, the average age of household members, yearly income, and the household wealth index were identified as the main determinants of the ECI and HC. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the ECI and HC were higher in regions near the borders of Iran than in other regions. Therefore, health promotion and empowerment strategies are required to avoid the negative consequences of HC, and screening programs are needed to identify at-risk families.