• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.80-86
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• 2019

Background: Emigration of health-care workers is a problem within global health systems which affects many countries, including Peru. Several factors have caused health-care workers to emigrate, including burnout syndrome (BS). This study aims to identify the association between BS and its dimensions with the intention of physicians and nurses to emigrate from Peru in 2014. Methods: A cross-sectional study, based on a secondary analysis of the National Survey of Health Users (ENSUSALUD - 2014) was conducted. Sampling was probabilistic, considering the 24 departments of Peru. We include the questionnaire for physicians and nurses, accounting for 5062 workers. BS was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) was calculated using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the study population, 44.1% were physicians, 37.7% males, and 23.1% were working in Lima. It was found that 2.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.19-3.45] of health-care workers had BS. The overall prevalence of intention to emigrate among health-care workers was 7.4% (95% CI: 6.36-8.40). Association was found between BS and intention to emigrate in Peruvian health-care workers (OR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.05-4.40). Emotional exhaustion was the BS dimension most associated with intention to emigrate (OR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.16-2.78). Conclusion: Physicians and nurses from Peru who suffered from BS were more likely to have intention to emigrate. Policies should be established to reduce BS as a strategy to control "brain drain" from health-care workers of Peru.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.148-156
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• 2024

Objectives: Understanding patterns of quality of life in people who inject drugs (PWID) can help healthcare providers plan and manage their health problems in a more focused manner. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify patterns of health-related quality of life in PWID in southeast Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in southeast Iran on men who had injected drugs at least once during the last year. We used convenience sampling in 2 drop-in centers and venue-based sampling at 85 venues. Demographic characteristics, high-risk behaviors, and health-related quality of life were evaluated using the 5-level EQ-5D version (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. Latent profile analysis was used to identify patterns of quality of life. Results: This study enrolled 398 PWID, who had a mean age of 34.1±11.4 years. About 47.9% reported a prison history in the last 10 years, 59.2% had injected drugs in the last month, and 31.6% had a history of sharing syringes. About 46.3% reported having 2 or more sexual partners in the last 6 months, and 14.7% had a history of sex with men. Out of the 5 EQ-5D-5L profiles, the fifth profile had the most people (36.6%). Most variations in quality of life were related to pain and discomfort. Conclusions: We showed that the pain and discomfort dimension of EQ-5D-5L had more variation in PWID. This finding will be useful for allocating appropriate interventions and resources to promote health-related quality of life in this population.

• 지질공학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.277-290
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• 2016

심부지질조사에는 많은 경비와 시간이 필요해 심부지질을 해석하는데 많은 어려움이 있다. 그러나 지열모델링과 같이 많은 경비를 투자할 수는 없지만 심부의 지질정보가 필요한 경우 제한적이지만 천부의 지질정보를 이용하여 심부의 지질을 해석하고 추정할 수 있다. 이번 연구에서는 이러한 제한된 심부자료를 가진 지역에서 천부지질자료를 활용하여 어떻게 심부의 지질에 대한 정보를 추정할 수 있는지를 보여주고자 하였다. 이번 연구의 목적은 한반도 남동부를 관통하는 양산단층이 이 지역의 지열분포에 어떠한 영향을 주고 있는지를 연구하기 위하여 심부지질단면도를 획득하기 위한 것이다. 따라서 양산단층과 주변 단층들의 특징을 가장 잘 반영할 것으로 판단되는 울주군 상북면과 웅촌면 지역에서 양산단층을 가로지르는 NW-SE 방향으로 단면을 설정하였다. 이 심부 지질단면을 작성하기 위하여 먼저 기존 지질도를 검토하여 발달하는 암상의 분포와 주요 지질구조를 확인하였으며, 야외조사자료를 기반으로 도학적인 분석을 실시하여 지층의 심부연장성을 추정하였고, 지표에서 노출된 단층 등의 발달규모 및 자세를 통해 심부로의 연장가능성을 추정하였다. 또한 비록 천부자료이긴 하지만 기존 물리검층자료와 시추자료를 종합하여 한반도 남동부 양산단층대의 심부단면도를 작성하였다. 양산단층 주변의 암상에 대한 야외지질조사 결과 양산단층의 서쪽지괴에는 화강암이 주를 이루며, 양산단층의 동쪽지괴는 퇴적암류와 이를 관입한 화성암류가 주로 발달하고 있다. 지표상 드러난 양산단층의 연장성을 통해 규모를 추정해 볼 때 지하로 수 km 이상 발달할 것으로 추정되며, 물리검층자료를 분석한 결과 양산단층과 인접한 퇴적암류는 그 깊이가 얇고, 동쪽으로 갈수록 두꺼워지는 양상을 보인다. 이러한 자료를 종합 해석하여 모식적인 지질단면을 제작하였다. 비록 지질학적 개념에 기초하여 가능한 정보를 수집하였지만 이러한 천부자료에 기초한 심부단면도의 작성은 신뢰성이 매우 제한적이라는 것을 고려하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 이번 연구에서는 시추코어의 단열분석을 통해 단층의 존재를 인식할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제시하였다. 이는 앞으로 시추자료 분석을 통해 단층의 존재와 규모를 판단하는데 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.19-41
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• 2006

The Objective of this study was to design the model which predict the future cash flow of hospitals and on the basis of designed model to support sound hospital management by the prediction of future cash flow. The five cash flow measurement variables discussed in financial accrual part were used as variables and these variables were defined as NI, NIDPR, CFO, CFAI, CC. To measure the cash flow B/S related variables, P/L related variables and financial ratio related variables were utilized in this study. To measure cash flow models were designed and to estimate the prediction ability of five cash flow models, the martingale model and the market model were utilized. To estimate relative prediction outcome of cash flow prediction model and simple market model, MAE and MER were used to compare and analyze relative prediction ability of the cash flow model and the market model and to prove superiority of the model of the cash flow prediction model, 32 Regional Public Hospital's cross-section data and 4 year time series data were combined and pooled cross-sectional time series regression model was used for GLS-analysis. To analyze this data, Firstly, each cash flow prediction model, martingale model and market model were made and MAE and MER were estimated. Secondly difference-test was conducted to find the difference between MAE and MER of cash flow prediction model. Thirdly after ranking by size the prediction of cash flow model, martingale model and market model, Friedman-test was evaluated to find prediction ability. The results of this study were as follows: when t-test was conducted to find prediction ability among each model, the error of prediction of cash flow model was smaller than that of martingale and market model, and the difference of prediction error cash flow was significant, so cash flow model was analyzed as excellent compare with other models. This research results can be considered conductive in that present the suitable prediction model of future cash flow to the hospital. This research can provide valuable information in policy-making of hospital's policy decision. This research provide effects as follows; (1) the research is useful to estimate the benefit of hospital, solvency and capital supply ability for substitution of fixed equipment. (2) the research is useful to estimate hospital's liqudity, solvency and financial ability. (3) the research is useful to estimate evaluation ability in hospital management. Furthermore, the research should be continued by sampling all hospitals and constructed advanced cash flow model in dimension, established type and continued by studying unified model which is related each cash flow model.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

In this study, the variation of the shrinkage in the thickness direction of the molded parts according to the gate size of the polymer core fabricated through the 3D printer using the SLS method was studied. The polymer cores are laser sintered and the powder material is nylon base PA2200. The polymer cores have lower heat transfer rate and rigidity than the metal core due to the characteristics of the material. Therefore, the injection molding test conditions are set to minimize the deformation of the core during the injection process. The resin used in the injection molding test is a PP material. The packing condition was set to 80, 90 and 100% of the maximum injection pressure for each gate size. The runner diameter used was ∅3mm, and the gates were fabricated in semicircle shapes with cross sections 1, 2, and 3 ㎟, respectively. Thickness measurement was performed for 10 points at 2.5 mm intervals from the point 2.5 mm away from the gate, and the shrinkage to thickness was measured for each point. The shrinkage rate according to the gate size tends to decrease as the cross-sectional area decreases as the maximum injection pressure increases. The average thickness shrinkage rate was close to 0% when the packing pressure was 90% for the gate area of 1mm2. When the holding pressure was set to 100%, the shrinkage was found to decrease by 3% from the standard dimension due to the over-packing phenomenon. Therefore, the smaller the gate, the more closely the molded dimensions can be molded due to the high pressure generation. It was confirmed that precise packing process control is necessary because over-packing phenomenon may occur.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2013

목적 본 연구의 목적은 Six Dimension Scale of Nursing Performance (Six-D Scale)와 간호학생 스트레스 평가지수 (SNSI)의 한국어 버전 개발 과정을 기술하고, 천식 및 1형 당뇨 모듈을 내용으로 한 시뮬레이션 기반 객관구조화시험(OSCE)을 이용하여 신뢰도 및 타당도를 평가하기 위함이다. 방법 본 연구는 단편적 서술연구이며, 4년제 간호학과 4학년 학생 51명을 대상으로 수행되었다. 도구의 신뢰도는 Chronbach's 를 이용한 내적 일관성을 평가하였고, OSCE는 검사자간 신뢰도를 계산하였다. 타당도 평가는 Six-D Scale과 SNSI의 하부영역을 OSCE, 평점 및 자아효능감과의 상관관계를 분석함으로써 구성타당도로 확인하였다. 결과 두 도구의 Chronbach's ${\alpha}$는 .82-.95였고, OSCE의 검사자 간 신뢰도는 .75 (천식)-.87 (당뇨)이었다. Six-D Scale은 OSCE (r=.109-.272) 및 자아효능감과(r=.005-.161)는 양의 상관관계를, 평점과는 음의 상관관계를(r= -.246 ~ -.394) 보였으나, 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. SNSI는 OSCE (r= -.007 ~ -.238), 평점(r=-.092 ~ -.426) 및 자아효능감(r=-.246 ~ -.394) 모두와 음의 상관관계를 나타냈으며, OSCE를 제외하고는 모두 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결론 본 연구의 결과 간호수행능력의 Six-D Scale, SNSI 모두 적절한 신뢰도를 보였다. 타당도 검증 결과, 간호학생스트레스 도구는 적절한 타당도를 나타내었으나, Six-D scale은 적용에 신중을 기해야 하는 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 자가 보고형 임상수행능력 평가는 좀 더 다양한 학생들을 대상으로 타당도 검증이 더욱 깊이 있게 평가되어야 할 것이며, 간호학생의 스트레스는 학생들의 임상수행능력에 영향을 미치는 주요한 변수로 간주되어 연구 및 교육에 적극 고려되어야 할 것이다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2016

Purpose - Prior researches have empirically focused on the effect of management consulting quality and consultant capability on entrepreneurial firms' performance. This study, however, focused on investigating the moderating role of absorptive capacity and resource capability between management consulting and entrepreneurial firms' performance. So, this study investigated the relationship among consulting quality, consultant capability, absorptive capacity, resource capability, and entrepreneurial firms' performance from the resource based view (RBV). Especially, this study focused on the mediating role of absorptive and resource capability in relational structure of entrepreneurial firms' dimensions. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, research hypotheses and model are established by the prior researches from the fields of strategic management and entrepreneurial behavior. Concretely, H1~H4 are the relationship between consulting (consulting quality, consultant capability) and innovation (absorptive capacity, resource capability); H5 is the relationship between absorptive capacity and resource capability; and H6~H7 are the relationship between innovation (absorptive capacity, resource capability) and management performance. The data was collected 207 copies from entrepreneurial firms in South Korea. These firms were established in January 2014 and maintained by November 2015 in high-tech industry. The questionnaire was consisted of five dimensions; consulting quality, consultant capability, absorptive capacity, resource capability, and management performance. Each dimension measured multi items on a 5-point Likert scale. The hypotheses and research model are analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS 22. Results - The results of this study are as follows. 1) Consulting quality significantly influenced on the absorptive capacity of entrepreneurial firms. 2) But, consultant capability did not influence on the absorptive capacity of entrepreneurial firms. 3) Consulting quality and consultant capability significantly influenced on the resource capability of entrepreneurial firms. 4) Absorptive capacity significantly influenced on the resource capability of entrepreneurial firms; 5) Absorptive capacity did not significantly influence on the management performance of entrepreneurial firms. 6) Resource capability, however, significantly influenced on the management performance of entrepreneurial firms. By these results, absorptive capacity of entrepreneurial firms had a mediating role partly among consulting quality, consultant capability, and management capability. The resource capability of entrepreneurial firms had a mediating role among consulting quality, consultant capability, and management capability, perfectly. Conclusions - According to this study, the high level of consulting quality and consultant capability may enforce the resource capability of entrepreneurial firms. It means, practically, that external knowledge is a driver for innovation, and then the innovation effects on the management performance of entrepreneurial firms. So, at the initial stage, the management consulting programs are very important to entrepreneurial firms and should be conceived as an essential element. This study may contribute to the advancement of academic in field of new start business, small business, or venture business based on resources, especially the role of absorptive capacity and resource capability between consulting programs and management performance. However, this study has some limitations. They are the measurement of consulting quality's items, cross-sectional research, and the limitation of concept and industry.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.200-213
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• 2000

Lasers have given dentistry a new rapid, economic, and accurate technique for metal joining. Although laser welding has been recommended as an accurate technique, there are some limitations with this technique. For example, the two joining surfaces must have a tight-fitting contact, which may be difficult to achieve in some situations. The tensile samples used for this study were made from a custom-made pure titanium and type III gold alloy plates. 27 of 33 specimens were sectioned perpendicular to their long axis with a carborundum disk and water coolant. Six specimens remained and served as the control group. A group of 6 specimens was posed as butt joints in custom parallel positioning device with a feeler gauge at each of three gaps : 0.00, 0.25. and 0.50mm. All specimens were then machined to produce a uniform cross-sectional dimension, none of the specimens was subjected to any subsequent form of heat treatment. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on representative tested specimens at fractured surfaces in both the parent metal and the weld. Vickers hardness was measured at the center of the welds with a micropenetrometer using a force of 300gm for 15 seconds. Measurement was made at approximately $200{\mu}m\;and\;500{\mu}m$ deep from each surface. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe's test was calculated to detect differences between groups. The purpose of this study is to compare the strength and properties of the joint achieved at various butt Joint gaps by the laser welding of type III gold alloy and pure titanium tensile specimens in an argon atmosphere. The results of this study were as follows : 1. When indexing and welding pure titanium, there was no decrease in ultimate tensile strength as compared with the unsectioned alloys for indexing gaps of 0.00 to 0.50mm, although with increasing gap size may come increased distortion (p>0.05). 2. When indexing and welding type III gold alloy, there were significant differences in ultimate tensile strength among groups with weld gaps of 0.00mm, 0.25 and 0.50mm, and the control group. Group with butt contact without weld gap demonstrated a significant higher ultimate tensile strength than groups with weld gaps of 0.25 and 0.50mm (p<0.05). 3. When indexing and welding the different metal combination of type III gold alloy and pure titanium, there were significant differences in ultimate tensile strength between groups with weld gaps of 0.00, 0.25, and 0.50mm. However, the mechanical properties of the welded joint would become too brittle to be acceptable clinically (p<0.05). 4. The presence of large pores in the laser welded joint appears to be the most important factor in controlling the tensile strength of the weld in both pure titanium and type III gold alloy.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.18-40
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• 2008

Measurements of health related quality of life can be used to compare patients with specific conditions to average individuals in the general population in a similar age and gender group. However there are few data available regarding health related quality of life for the general population of Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the validity of the Korean version of EQ-5D and to measure the health related quality of life of the general adult population in a metropolitan city. The survey was cross-sectional and employed a stratified and multistage sampling design through 100 examination sites in 5 districts of UIsan. A total of 12,644 individuals from 4,112 households participated in the survey. Of these, we analyzed data from 8,068 adults who were over 19 years old and completed the EQ-5D. To examine the validity of the questionnaire, the differences in 5 dimensions and the $EQ-5D_{index}$ were analyzed with regard to demographic and socioeconomic factors such as sex, age, income, and education. In addition, visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to evaluate the overall health related quality of life issues of the respondents. The level of health related quality of life of the general adult population was then compared with the results from the third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and other countries. There were a small number of people with problems related tomobility, self-care, and usual activity. In addition, many people complained ofpain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The complaint rate in each dimension, VAS, and $EQ-5D_{index}$ indicated relatively better states for males, the younger group, the higher income group, and the higher education group. In addition, the level of health related quality of life of the general population of Ulsan was relatively higher than that of Koreans nationwide as well as the populations of other countries. EQ-SD provided a valid measure of the health-related quality of life of the general adult population. In addition, the results of a survey of Ulsan revealed that the quality of life of its population is better than that of the overall population of Korea and of the populations of other countries.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.241-255
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• 2001

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study which compares the level of postpartum women's physical, phychological, neurosensory fatigue between rooming-in and non rooming-in groups. The data were collected by using self-report questionnaire from April 1 to May 31, 2001. Subjects were 68 mothers who opted the rooming-in choice and 98 mothers who did not choose the rooming-in at one hospital in Seoul, Korea. They all had NSVD. The research questionnaire consisted of 36 items on general chracteristics and 30 items on postpartum fatigue developed by Pugh (1993). The data were analyzed by using the SPSS 10.0 window program. The results of this study were as follow: 1. There was significant statistical difference in general characteristics between rooming-in and non rooming-in groups in prenatal class attendance ($x^2$=3.935, p=0.047), maternal fetal attachment score (t=2.130, p=0.035), husband attendance during the labor and delivery ($x^2$=9.147, p=0.002), breast feeding ($x^2$=12.503, p=0.000), and self feeding time including bottle feeding (t=4.588, p=0.000). 2. There was no significant statistical difference in the level of total fatigue score between two groups (t=0.282, p=0.780). 3. The physical and neurosensory fatigue scores were slightly higher in rooming-in group ($21.63{\pm}4.92$, $18.53{\pm}4.60$) than those ($20.71{\pm}5.78$, $18.23{\pm}5.39$) of non rooming-in group. And the phychological fatigue score was slightly higher in non rooming-in group ($17.67{\pm}4.95$) than that ($17.04{\pm}4.63$) of rooming-in group. However, there was no significant statistical difference in the level of three sub-dimension fatigue between two groups (t=1.068, p=0.287; t=-0.827, p=0.410; t=0.368, p=0.714). 4. Even after controlling characteristics showed significant differences between two groups, there was no significant statistical difference in the level of fatigue between two groups (F=0.135, p=0.714). According to this study, there was no significant statistical difference in the level of postpartum fatigue whether they were rooming-in or not. Based on this result, the common notion of rooming-in mothers will be more fatigue than non rooming-in mothers is proved to be false. However, it is necessary to develop appropriate nursing interventions to meet the need of mothers who decide to rooming-in.