• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.267-272
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• 2004

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of surface defects and cross-sectional configuration of NiTi rotary files on the fatigue life under cyclic loading. Three NiTi rotary files ($K3^{TM},{\;}ProFile^{\circledR},{\;}and{\;}HERO{\;}642^{\circledR}$) with ＃30/.04 taper were evaluated. Each rotary file was divided into 2 subgroups : control (no surface defects) and experimental group (artificial surface defects), A total of six groups of each 10 were tested. The NiTi rotary files were rotated at 300rpm using the apparatus which simulated curved canal (40 degree of curvature) until they fracture. The number of cycles to fracture was calculated and the fractured surfaces were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The data were analyzed statistically. The results showed that experimental groups with surface defects had lower number of cycles to fracture than control group but there was only a statistical significance between control and experimental group in the $K3^{TM}$ (p<0.05), There was no strong correlation between the cross-sectional configuration area and fracture resistance under experimental conditions. Several of fractured files demonstrated characteristic patterns of brittle fracture consistent with the propagation of pre-existing cracks. This data indicate that surface defects of NiTi rotary files may significantly decrease fatigue life and it may be one possible factor for early fracture of NiTi rotary files in clinical practice.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.186-191
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• 2020

This study was designed to investigate the median nerve cross-sectional area of the upper extremity which is the main cause of CTS in the 20s and 30s. The median nerve cross-sectional area (MNC-area) of each part of the upper limb was measured in healthy 20s and 30s females and males without neurological diseases or other diseases. This MNC-area was compared with the hand, wrist, finger, and other body indexes. The research group was divided into 20s female and male groups, and the 30s were also divided into female and male groups. In the comparison between the ages, the hand, and wrist configurations in the 30s were significantly higher than those of the 20s. The mean median nerve cross-sectional area was significantly larger in the male group than in the female group in both 20s and 30s, and it was larger in both men and women than in the 20s. Hand and wrist configurations were also positively correlated with the median nerve cross-sectional area in both 20s and 30s. The median values of hand ratio and wrist ratio were 2.26 and 0.65, respectively. This median value of hand ratio was inversely correlated with the median nerve cross-sectional area. The median nerve cross-area of the 20s was 6.88~7.38 ㎟ in the male group and 5.69~6.99 ㎟ in the female group, respectively. The median nerve cross-area of the 30s was 6.32~8.89 ㎟ in the male group and 6.15~7.17 ㎟ in the female group, respectively. The mean median nerve cross-sectional area was positively correlated with body mass index in both groups. Most of the variables were higher in their 30s than in their 20s.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1643-1653
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• 1994

To facilitate the manufacturing of dull using CNC grinding machine, the simulation of helical groove machining with given wheel profile and setting condition is necessary. Considering the wheel as a collection of thin disks, the flute configuration is predicted in a cross section perpendicular to the axis and the grinding wheel profile is also predicted to machine the desired helical groove with given setting conditions. Two programs for these processes are developed. Using programs interactively, the helical groove machining process can be predicted more accurately. By clarifying the geometrical relation between the shape of cutting edge and the flute configuration in the cross section which is perpendicular to drill axis, it becomes possible to predict the necessary cross sectional shape of wheel for desired drill cutting edge shape. Some factors for the software are considered concerning prediction of accuracy and computing time.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.39-52
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• 2003

A computer program has been developed for the optimum design of prestressed concrete beams under flexure. Optimum values of prestressing force, tendon configuration, and cross-sectional dimensions are determined subject to constraints on the design variables and stresses. 28 constraints have been used including flexural stresses, cover requirement, the aspect ratios for top and bottom flanges and web part of a beam and ultimate moment. The objective function contains cost of concrete, prestressing force and formwork. Using this function, it is possible to obtain minimum cost design, minimum weight or cross-sectional area of concrete design and minimum prestressing force design. Besides the idealized I-shaped cross-section, which is widely used in literature, a general I-shaped cross-section with eight geometrical design variables are used here. Four examples, one of which is available in the literature and the others are modified form of it, have been solved for minimum cost and minimum cross-sectional area designs and the results are compared. The computer program, which employs modified grid search optimization method, can assist a designer in producing efficient designs rapidly and easily. Considerable savings in computational work are thus made possible.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.194-207
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• 2021

Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) is a major contributor to the fatigue damage of marine risers which are often arranged in an array configuration. In addition to helical strakes and fairings, studies have been strived in searching for possible VIV suppression techniques. Inspired by giant Saguaro Cacti, flexible cylinders of different cactus-shaped cross sections were tested in a water tunnel facility, and test results showed that cactus-like body shapes reduced VIV responses of a cylinder at no cost of significant increase of drag. A series of experiments were conducted on a pair of two tandem-arranged flexible cylinders and an array of four cylinders in a square configuration to investigate the effects of wake on the dynamic responses of cylinders and the VIV mitigation effectiveness of the cactus-like body shape. Results showed that the cylinders in a square configuration, either at the upstream or downstream positions, might have larger dynamic responses than those of a single cylinder. The cactus-like body shape could mitigate VIV responses of cylinders at upstream positions in an array configuration; however, similar to helical strakes, the mitigation efficiency was reduced on downstream cylinders. Note that the cactus-like cross-sectional shape investigated was not optimized for VIV suppression. The present study indicates that the modification of the cross-sectional shape of a cylinder to a well-designed cactus-like shape may be used as an alternative technique to mitigate the VIV of marine risers.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06e
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• pp.107-112
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• 2001

The effect of ambient gas (steam) condensation on swirl spray characteristics were studied experimentally for low subcooling condition of the liquid. The configuration of the liquid(water) sheet and the breakup modes were examined. Also variation of the discharge coefficient, breakup length, local and the cross-sectional area-averaged SMD of droplets with the liquid flow(injection) rate were obtained. The perforation breakup mode appears dominant with condensation while the aerodynamic wave breakup mode is dominant without condensation(in the air environment). The discharge coefficient, breakup length and the mean drop sizes decrease in a same manner with increasing of the liquid flow rate for both cases(with and without condensation). The condensation effects are insignificant with the discharge coefficient. However, the local and cross-sectional area-averaged SMD are larger and the breakup length becomes shorter in the steam environment. The spray angle predicted from the volumetric flux distribution along the radial direction of the sprays in the steam environment becomes larger with condensation.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.28 no.B
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• pp.239-244
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• 2008

We have realized the swept source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT) by using the self-fabricated wavelength swept laser(wavelength tuning range : 80nm, line-width : 0.12nm, wavelength sweeping rate : 50Hz). In addition, we have used the dual balanced detector that could make a mirror image in OCT display suppressed. We can also fabricate the comb filter of Michelson interferometer type for fast-signal processing in OCT. Using this SS-OCT system for measuring an mirror, a 1mm-depth glass and an onion, we confirmed that the in vivo epidermal cross-sectional images for them can be obtained appropriately.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.365-373
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• 1997

316L and 420 Stainless steels were deposited onto AZ9ID commercial magnesium alloy by plasma spray process with various gas flow rate of, TEX>$H_2$ secondary gas. And hardness as well as were track volume, coefficient of friction also had been measured. wear and hardness were measured by using reciprocal configuration tribometer and microghardness tester, respectively. Also, the microstructure of the coatings surface the cross sectional area of coating surface and cross sectional area of coaing/Substrate interface had been analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and Optical microscope(OM). Finally, optimal process parameters for the improvement of coating efficiency such as mechanical property and wear behavior were examined.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.389-395
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• 2016

In this paper, vibration characteristics in terms of the airfoil cross-sectional shape was examined by using the EDISON co-rotational plane beam-transient analysis. Co-Rotational plane beam analysis is appropriate for large rotation and small strain. Assuming aircraft wing as a cantilevered beam, natural frequencies of each airfoil cross-sectional shape were estimated using VABS program and fast Fourier transformation(FFT). VABS conducts finite element analysis on the cross-section including the detailed geometry and material distribution to estimate the beam sectional properties. Under the same airfoil geometric configuration and material selection, variation of material induced difference in the deflection and natural frequencies. It was observed that variation of the natural frequency was dependent on variation of the airfoil shape and material.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of teeth according to root canal preparation with & without apical enlargement in various size of apical foramen. 60 extracted one canal roots were cross-cutted at 5 mm from root apex and divided into two groups according to their apical foramen size of large (L) and small (S). Each group was subdivided into two groups accordance with their cross-sectional configuration at 5 mm from apex, round (R) and ovoid (O); SR Group, SO Group LR Group, LO Group. Each group was shaped in .02 taper by Quantec series Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) rotary file, obturated by lateral condensation method. Leakage was measured using a fluid transport model under 40 $cmH_2O$ pressure. After the leakage test, blocks which had showed the leakage retreated with .04 taper and ,06 taper and evaluated the degree of fluid filtration in each group. The data was analysed statistically using chi-square test and fisher's exact test. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Significant difference in leakage was found in groups which had different apical foramen size in .02 taper instrumentation (p < 0.05), but not in .04 taper instrumentation (p > 0.05) 2. The difference in microleakage according to the shape of canal was not evident at 5 mm from apex (p > 0.05). 3. There was correlation between .02 taper instrumentation and .04 taper instrumentation in LR group, LO group (p < 0.05).