• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.139-161
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• 2002

This study investigates the characteristics of Nordic sweaters works from a historical perspective. Specifically, this study deals with the following research topics: 1) development of Nordic sweaters, 2) the characteristics of Nordic sweaters industry according to the change of times, 3) the comparison of local knitting patterns, 4) the symbolic meaning of the designs in the Nordic sweaters and patterns. The results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. Knitted work developed mostly in Northern Europe, a cold area, and the barren, mountainous coastal areas where people frequently used woolen materials for clothes. It was also developed in Scandinavian regions which lead the fashion in modern days. Scandinavian knitting techniques have been diffused into the east coast of England and Northern Europe by Vikings. 2. Scandinavian countries are distinguished from other countries by their conservative but creative cultural tradition. Their knitting patterns are characterized by small geometric figures such as dots, triangles, squares, rhombuses, and crosses used often with stars and roses. Scandinavian knitting is also salient for its vertical stripes and simple motifs repeating at short intervals. 1) Norway ; Simple and geometric Norwegian patterns are classified into three groups of motifs: (a) the motifs of cross, diamond, X, and swastika (equation omitted). (b) the motifs of human figures, animals and birds, (c) floral motifs (especially eight-petal roses). Their use of color is also simple, and is limited to more than two colors. (2) Sweden ; Swedish patterns are colorful and geometric. They are characterized by features such as brocade, complex embroidery, and contrast of red and black colors. They also show Guernsey patterns. Initials and production years were knitted in sweaters which have different patterns in their trunks and sleeves. 3) Denmark ; The Danish pattern is the purl stitch knitted against the stockinette stitch. The technique is used to copy woven damask motifs. The patterns are seen most clearly when they are knit with smooth yarn. The Faeroe sweaters are the representative work of Danish knitting. Faeroe knitting, incorporates stranded pattern and is knit in the round, either with circular needles. 4) Finland ; Finnish patterns are similar to Norwegian patterns. Finnish knitted work show very colorful, variety and free-flowing geometric patterns. 5) Iceland ; Icelandic knitting shows original ribbon pattern. Lope sweater is the representative work. 3. The traditional knitting patterns not only carried symbolic meanings but also served as means of communication. First of all, patterns had incantatory meanings. Patterns were symbolic of one's social standing, too. The colors, motifs and their arrangements were very important features symbolizing one's social position or family line. People often communicated by certain pieces of knitted work or patterns. In short, the knitted work in the Nordic sweaters served the function of admiring the beauty of nature and symbolizing various meanings. The unique designs and colors of the knitted work reflected the characteristics of the culture those works belonged to. This study also turns our attention to the issue of how the traditional colors and designs of the knitted work can contribute to the development of modern designs, and by doing so, if makes us realize the importance of knitted works in modern society.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2000

During the recent epidemic period ($1995{\sim}1996$), seven strains of rubella virus were isolated in Korea. To analyze phylogenetic relationship between seven Korean strains and rubella virus strains from other different geographical areas, structural genes (E1, E2 and C) of Korean strains were enzymatically amplified and automatically sequenced. The sequence similarities of the E1, E2 and C genes of the cosmopolitan types were $95.8{\sim}98.1%$, $92.6{\sim}99.2%$ and $96.4{\sim}99.3%$ based on 1,441, 122 and 139 nucleotides and $96.9{\sim}98.5%$, $90{\sim}100%$ and $97.8{\sim}100%$ based on 480, 40 and 46 amino acids compared to the sequences of strain RA27/3, respectively. In contrast, the sequence similarities of the E1, E2 and C genes of the Asian types were $91.5{\sim}92.1%$, $83.6{\sim}88.5%$ and 91.4% based on nucleotides and $96.9{\sim}97.7%$, 85.5% and 97.8% based on amino acids compared to the sequences of strain RA27/3, respectively. However, immunodominent epitopes of the E1 gene of the cosmopolitan and Asian types were well conserved, and the growth patterns in cell culture and immunofluorescent antibody titers in cross-reaction test showed no differences between two different types. In phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of each gene regions, the cosmopolitan and Asian types formed two distinct phylogenetic lineages. These data showed two distinct genotypes of rubella viruses cocirculated in Korea, but no significant differences in the antigenicity of two different rubella virus strains were found.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2014

연못형습지(Pond Wetland)는 우리나라 농업경관에서 많이 분포하고 있다. 이러한 연못형습지는 생물다양성을 위한 중요한 자원으로 평가 받는다. 하지만 연못형습지(Pond Wetland)에 대한 연구는 유형분류에 그치고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 연못형습지의 생태계서비스(Ecosystem Service) 기능을 알아보았다. 연구방법은 총 3단계로 기능분석, 기능도출, 중요도 분석의 순으로 진행하였다. 선행연구를 분석하여 총 22가지의 기능을 도출하였다. 전문가 설문 결과 22개 항목 중 생물, 환경, 사회문화 분야에 각 4 기능씩 총 12개 기능으로 선별하였다. 항목간 AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)를 실시하여 기능별 중요도를 산출하였다. 중복된 기능은 통합하여 연못형습지의 생태계서비스 기능 10가지(1. Water Storage & Irrigation, 2. Vegetation Diversity, 3. Amphibian & Reptile Habitat, 4. Water Purification, 5. Aquatic Insect Habitat, 6. Nutriments Control, 7. Groundwater Recharge, 8. Fishery Habitat, 9. Eco-Experience & Education, 10. Aesthetic landscape)를 도출하였다. 향후 기능별 중요도 분석과 경제적 가치 지표를 적용하여 연못형습지의 생태계서비스 평가에 활용 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.453-456
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 벼멸구 저항성 품종인 '청청벼'와 감수성이면서 자포니카형 벼인 '낙동벼'를 교배한 DH 계통 및 $F_2$집단을 이용하여 벼멸구 저항성과 DNA marker와의 관계를 분석하였다. 1. 520개의 RAPD marker를 이용하여 양친에 다형성을 보이는 310개의 marker를 찾았고 이들을 대상으로 한 BSA를 통해 벼멸구 저항성과 관련있을 것으로 보이는 17개의 marker를 선발하였다. 2. 벼의 12번 염색체상에 위치한 38개의 SSR marker를 사용하여 모${\cdot}$부본에 대한 다형성 검정을 실시한 바, 17개의 SSR marker를 선발할 수 있었다. 3. BSA를 통해 선발된 17개의 RAED marker와 DH 계통의 벼멸구 저항성과의 관계를 분석하여 벼멸구 저항성과 가장 밀접하게 연관된 $OPE16_{700}$을 선발하였다. 4. SSR marker 및 OPE16과 65 DH 계통의 벼멸구 저항성과의 연관분석을 실시한 결과 OPE16이 벼멸구 저항성 유전자와 4.6cM 거리로 가장 밀접하게 연관되어 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2003

냉장식품의 주요한 변패원일균으로서 저온세균인 Pseudomonas aeruhinosa를 최소 전처리한 후 신속히 검출할 수 있는 비표지 면역센서 시스템을 개발하였다. 수정결정전극상으로의 생물요소인 항체의 고정화는 이형이기능성 가교화제인 sulfosuccinimidyl 6-[3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionamido] hexanoate를 사용하여 항체를 티올화시킨 후 티올화된 항체를 화학흡착하여 행하였고, P. aeruginosa flagella에 대한 단클론항체를 사용하였을 때 다클론항체를 사용한 경우보다 센서감응이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 항체가 고정화된 센서 chip과 flow형 quart crystal microbalance 계측 시스템을 이용하여 균 첨가 및 증균을 행한 10종의 모델시료에 대한 계측을 행하였다. 이 때, 시료자체에 의한 진동수변화가 52~89 Hz 범위인 반면 균 첨가 시에 나타난 진동수변화는 108~200 Hz이었고 증균시료에 의한 진동수변화는 162~222 Hz 범위로 나타났다. 시스템 안정화, 시료주입 및 정상상태이 센서반응 획득, 시스템 세척으로 이루어지는 한 주기의 센서계측에 소요된 시간은 모든 시료에 있어 30분 이내였다.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.413-422
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to confirm the validity of the $Cariview^{TM}$, test in adults by assessing correlations between $Cariview^{TM}$, scores and caries experience using a quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technique. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 111 patients aged 19-64 years who visited a dental clinic in Seoul from 2015 to 2016, and underwent the $Cariview^{TM}$, test and had their teeth photographed with the Qraycam. Plaque was scraped with sterilized cotton swabs, and then placed in a culture medium and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. Finally, the degree of color change was evaluated, and scored on a 0-100 point scale. Caries experience index included not only cavitated lesions but also early caries that were detected on white and fluorescence images. Participants were divided into low, moderate and high caries risk groups according to the $Cariview^{TM}$, score, and caries experience was compared between risk groups using ANCOVA. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to analyze the associations between $Cariview^{TM}$, scores and caries indices. Result: The mean age of the participants was 40 years, and the mean $Cariview^{TM}$, score was $53.6{\pm}20.7$. The WDMFT and the DMFT indices significantly increased with caries risk, and this increase was significantly different between the low- and high-risk groups. The $Cariview^{TM}$, test scores were significantly correlated with the WDMFT (r = 0.28, P = 0.003) and DMFT (r = 0.29, P = 0.002) indices. Conclusion: The $Cariview^{TM}$, test could be a clinically useful and simple method for assessing caries risk in adults.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.34-34
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• 2014

Filamentous fungi of the genus Colletotrichum (teleomorph, Glomerella) are considered major plant pathogens worldwide. Cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruit trees may be seriously affected by this pathogen (1). Colletotrichum species cause typical disease symptoms known as anthracnoses, characterized by sunken necrotic tissue, where orange conidial masses are produced. Anthracnose appears in both developing and mature plant tissues (2). We investigated disease occurrence in apple orchards from 2013 to 2014 in northern Gyeongbuk province, Korea. Typical anthracnose with advanced symptoms was observed in all apple orchards studied. Of late, static fruit spot symptoms are being observed in apple orchards. A small lesion, which does not expand further and remains static until the harvesting season, is observed at the beginning of fruit growth period. In our study, static symptoms, together with the typical symptoms, were observed on apples. The isolated fungus was tested for pathogenicity on cv. 'Fuji apple' (fully ripe fruits, unripe fruits, and cross-section of fruits) by inoculating the fruits with a conidial suspension ($10^5$ conidia/ml). In apple inoculated with typical anthracnose fungus, the anthracnose symptoms progressed, and dark lesions with salmon-colored masses of conidia were observed on fruit, which were also soft and sunken. However, in apple inoculated with fungi causing static symptoms, the size of the spots did not increase. Interestingly, the shape and size of the conidia and the shape of the appressoria of both types of fungi were found to be similar. The conidia of the two types of fungi were straight and cylindrical, with an obtuse apex. The culture and morphological characteristics of the conidia were similar to those of C. gloeosporioides (5). The conidia of C. gloeosporioides germinate and form appressoria in response to chemical signals such as host surface wax and the fruitripening hormone ethylene (3). In this study, the spores started to germinate 4 h after incubation with an ethephon suspension. Then, the germ tubes began to swell, and subsequently, differentiation into appressoria with dark thick walls was completed by 8 h. In advanced symptoms, fungal spores of virtually all the appressoria formed primary hyphae within 16 h. However, in the static-symptom fungus spores, no primary hyphae formed by 16 h. The two types of isolates exhibited different growth rates on medium containing apple pectin, Na polypectate, or glucose as the sole carbon. Static-symptom fungi had a >10% reduction in growth (apple pectin, 14.9%; Na polypectate, 27.7%; glucose, 10.4%). The fungal isolates were also genetically characterized by sequencing. ITS regions of rDNA, chitin synthase 1 (CHS1), actin (ACT), and ${\beta}$-tubulin (${\beta}t$) were amplified from isolates using primer pairs ITS 1 and ITS 4 (4), CHS-79F and CHS-354R, ACT-512F and ACT-783R, and T1 and ${\beta}t2$ (5), respectively. The resulting sequences showed 100% identity with sequences of C. gloeosporioides at KC493156, and the sequence of the ${\beta}$t gene showed 100% identity with C. gloeosporioides at JX009557.1. Therefore, sequence data from the four loci studied proves that the isolated pathogen is C. gloeosporioides. We also performed random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR, which showed clearly differentiated subgroups of C. gloeosporioides genotypes. The clustering of these groups was highly related to the symptom types of the individual strains.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제37권
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• pp.329-360
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• 2008

In Korea, the major of international trade and business introduced in the 1960s to supply trade expert to trading companies, and the heyday of the trade major was in the 1980s. However the trade major fell into decay from the middle of 1990s. The purpose of trade education in university is to supply high qualified employees to societies and companies. The problem is that companies have difficuties for recruiting of trade expert, on the other hand university graduates have few job oppertunies. It has some discrepancies between education and field. The object of this paper is to propose a direction of modification of the trade and international business curriculum for global trade expert. We research international trade and business departments' curriculums of GTEP universities. GTEP stands for global trade expert incubating program started from 2006 which have charge of MOCIE and KITA. First, in the title of department, a lot of former researchers have taken up the position to return "Trade" or "International Trade". We think more important fact is not the title of department but the curriculum, so we insist on a harmony between the department title and curriculums. The focus of modification of curriculum is to educate global trade expert, so we need to know about global business environment and companies' needs also. Second, We propose the directions for modification of curriculum are "convergence" and "specialty". Trade major is a mixed study in nature and trade major try to treat lots of subjects such as trade, business adminstration, economics, international law, international commerce, logistics and marketing etc to catch up changing global business circumstanses and companies' needs. So convergence of adjacent field is very important in study and training. Specialty means selection and concentration strategy for global trade expert. It is difficult to learn every knowledge and skills for employer's needs in 4 years and 140 credits. A students who has studied basic subject in trade, management, economics can choose 1 or 2 specailty subject such as trade and e-commerce, global marketing, logistics and transportation, commerce and policy, servive trade, foreign language and cross culture etc. In concusion, the concept of convergence and specialty is not separation but harmony each other, so we propose to promote two concept together for modification of the trade and international business curriculum for training of global trade expert.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.149-169
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• 2009

통합적 환경관리의 절차적 조직적 실체적 차원의 접근은 환경관리 측면에서 의사결정을 위한 개념적 기준으로서, 현재 우리나라의 환경법령 및 제도 개선을 위한 관점으로서도 유용하다. 따라서 오염물질 배출시설에 대한 통합적 규제를 위한 법적 제도적 방안에 대한 연구도 절차적 조직적 실체적 측면에서 이루어져야 할 필요가 있다. 먼저, 절차적 측면에 대한 연구는 제도적 유연성을 확보하고 보다 실질적인 환경보호를 위하여 다음과 같은 연구를 필요로 한다. 첫째, 허가신청 이전에 기업과 담당 행정기관 사이의 협의를 통하여 허가절차를 간소화할 수 있도록 '사전협의제도'에 대한 연구를 수행할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 전문적 지식을 보유한 전문가 집단인 working group의 자문을 통하여 허가절차상 행정목적과 기업의 이익이 상호 조화를 이룰 수 있도록 해야 한다. 셋째, 지역환경에 대한 영향을 고려하고 민주적 정당성을 확보하기 위하여 배출시설에 대한 정보공개와 주민참여제도가 마련될 필요가 있다. 다음으로, 조직적 측면에 대한 연구는 집행조직 및 기술조직의 구성 및 운용과 조직 상호 간의 적절한 권한 배분을 위하여 다음과 같은 연구를 필요로 한다. 첫째, 집행조직 및 기술조직의 구성 및 운용방안과 구성원의 자격요건에 대한 연구를 수행하여야 한다. 둘째, 통합적 배출시설규제를 위한 각 조직 내지 기관 간의 적절한 권한배분에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 한다. 마지막으로, 실체적 측면에서 산업별 특성을 고려한 BAT의 선정 및 BREF 작성을 위한 연구를 수행할 필요가 있다. BAT는 현재 매체별로 도입되어 있으나 이를 통합적으로 고려하기 위해서는 허가기준을 설정함에 있어 BAT를 어떠한 방법으로 적용할 것인가를 살펴보아야 하며, 기업의 BAT 채택을 유도하기 위하여 자율환경관리 및 경제적 유인수단, 총량규제 등에 관한 연구가 병행되어야 한다. 더불어 현재 우리의 배출허가 법령이 허가갱신제도를 갖추지 않고 있으므로 이를 도입하기 위한 방안을 지속적으로 연구할 필요가 있다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2007

Background: It is well established that cross talk between natural killer (NK) cells and myeloid dendritic cells (DC) leads to NK cell activation and DC maturation. In the present study, we investigated whether type 1-polarized DC (DC1) matured in the presence of IFN-${\gamma}$ and type 2-polarized DC (DC2) matured in the presence of PGE2 can differentially activate NK cells. Methods: In order to generate DC, plastic adherent monocytes were cultured in RPMI 1640 containing GM-CSF and IL-4. At day 6, maturation was induced by culturing the cells for 2 days with cytokines or PGE2 in the presence or absence of LPS. Each population of DC was cocultured with NK cells for 24 h. The antigen expression on DC was analyzed by flow cytometry and cytokine production in culture supernatant was measured by ELISA or a bioassay for TNF-${\alpha}$ determination. NK cell-mediated lysis was determined using a standard 4h chromium release assay. Results: DC2, unlike DC1, had weak, if any, ability to induce NK cell activation as measured by IFN-${\gamma}$ production and cytolytic activity. DC2 were weakly stimulated by activated NK cells compared to DC1. In addition, IFN-${\gamma}$-primed mature DC appeared to be most resistant to active NK cell-mediated lysis even at a high NK cell/DC ratio. On the other hand, PGE2-primed DC were less resistant to feedback regulation by NK cells than IFN-${\gamma}$-primed mature DC. Finally, we showed that the differential effect of two types of DC population on NK cell activity is not due to differences in their ability to form conjugates with NK cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that different combinations of inflammatory mediators differentially affect the effector function of DC and, as a result, the function of NK cells, eventually leading to distinct levels of activation in adaptive immunity.