• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.335-344
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Cyantraniliprole is a systemic diamide insecticide that has been used to control lepidopteran pests in agriculture. Cyantraniliprole has become an issue due to its potentiality of unexpectable contamination in rotational crop cultivation. Thus, studies on the evaluation of cyantraniliprole translocated from soil into rotational crops are required. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cyantraniliprole was treated at a yearly maximum application level onto bare soil under greenhouse conditions in two geographically different regions. Lettuce was transplanted and spinach and radish were sown onto the soil 30 and 60 days-plant back intervals (PBIs) after cyantraniliprole treatment. The QuEChERS method was modified and coupled with LC/MS/MS analysis to determine the residues of cyantraniliprole in soil and plant samples. The methods for sample preparation and instrumental conditions were validated to meet the criteria of Codex guidelines and were successful to determine cyantraniliprole quantitatively and qualitatively in the samples. Cyantraniliprole residues in lettuce samples were 0.01 mg/kg for PBI 60 and 0.02 mg/kg for PBI 30, respectively. The residues in spinach samples were 0.01 mg/kg for PBI 60 and 0.01~0.02 mg/kg for PBI 30, respectively. Less than limit of the quantitation (LOQ) level (0.01 mg/kg) of cyantraniliprole was observed in radish samples. The residues in the plant samples were found as the levels less than maximum residue limit (MRL) for leafy and root vegetables. CONCLUSION(S): This study suggests PBI 30~60 days for rotational cultivation of lettuce, spinach and radish in greenhouse soil treated with cyantraniliprole at a yearly maximum application level.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.336-344
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• 2017

Background: Because of climate change, interest in the development of carbon pools has increased. In agricultural ecosystems, which can be more intensively managed than forests, measures to control carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emission and absorption levels can be applied relatively easily. However, crop residues may be released into the atmosphere by decomposition or combustion. If we can develop scientific management techniques that enable these residues to be stocked on farmland, then it would be possible to convert farmlands from carbon emission sources to carbon pools. We analyzed and investigated soil respiration (Rs) rate characteristics according to input of carbonized residue of red peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), a widely grown crop in Korea, as a technique for increasing farmland carbon stock. Results: Rs rate in the carbonized biomass (CB) section was $226.7mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, which was 18.1% lower than the $276.9mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ from the red pepper residue biomass (RB) section. The Rs rate of the control was $184.1mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$. In the following year, Rs in the CB section was $204.0mg\;CO_2\;m{-2}h^{-1}$, which was 38.2% lower than the $330.1mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ from the RB section; the control emitted $198.6mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$. Correlation between Rs and soil temperature ((Ts) at a depth of 5 cm) was $R^2=0.51$ in the RB section, which was higher than the other experimental sections. A comparison of annual decomposition rates between RB and CB showed a large difference, 41.4 and 9.7%, respectively. The results showed that carbonization of red pepper residues reduced the rates of decomposition and Rs. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that the Rs rate can be reduced by carbonization of residue biomass and putting it in the soil and that the Rs rate and Ts (5 cm) were positively correlated. Based on the results, it was determined that approximately $1.2t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ were sequestered in the soil in the first year and $3.0t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ were stored the following year. Therefore, approximately $1.5t\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ are expected to be stocked in the soil, making it possible to develop farmlands into carbon pools.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.462-470
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• 2012

The availability and efficient use of the feed resources in India are the primary drivers to maximize productivity of Indian livestock. Feed security is vital to the livestock management, extent of use, conservation and productivity enhancement. Assessment and forecasting of livestock feed resources are most important for effective planning and policy making. In the present study, 40 years of data on crop production, land use pattern, rainfall, its deviation from normal, area under crop and yield of crop were collected and modeled to forecast the likely production of feed resources for the next 20 years. The higher order auto-regressive (AR) models were used to develop efficient forecasting models. Use of climatic variables (actual rainfall and its deviation from normal) in combination with non-climatic factors like area under each crop, yield of crop, lag period etc., increased the efficiency of forecasting models. From the best fitting models, the current total dry matter (DM) availability in India was estimated to be 510.6 million tonnes (mt) comprising of 47.2 mt from concentrates, 319.6 mt from crop residues and 143.8 mt from greens. The availability of DM from dry fodder, green fodder and concentrates is forecasted at 409.4, 135.6 and 61.2 mt, respectively, for 2030.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 1993

The demand of safety assessment for pesticide residues in foods is growing in Korea. In order to assess the actual dietary exposure toward pesticide residues, the problems in utilization of pesticide residue data were reviewed and optimization of food factors applicable to Korean population was conducted. The problems and current status in setting pesticide residue tolerance-domestic and foreign-in foods were also argued. The conclusion is summarized as follows: (1) Anticipated residue estimates(ARE) calculated from field trial residue data, the percentage of crop treated, and the effects of cooking or processing should be utilized for dietary exposure assessment in a real sense. (2) Average daily intake of total foods per person in Korea was 1,104g in 1970's and 1,240g in 1980's. Much variation was observed between the two decades by food commodities. (3) Pesticide residue tolerances in Korea have been established at relatively lower levels in comparison with FAO/WHO or western countries. More extensive studies and data accumulation as related to tolerance setting are called for in future for the sake of health protection and smooth interstate trade.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2008

시설재배 딸기에 사용하는 농약이 화분매개를 위해 투입된 꿀벌(Apis mellifera L.)에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 꿀벌에 노출될 가능성이 있는 21종의 농약을 선정하여 꿀벌 급성독성시험과 엽상잔류독성시험을 실시하였다. 표준살포농도로 분무처리한 급성접촉독성시험에서는 24시간 후에 꿀벌치사율이 대조군과 유한 차이를 보인 농약은 dichlofluanid WP 등 6종이었고, 48시간 후에는 fenpropathrin EC 등 7종이었다. 급성 섭식독성시험에서는 fenpropathrin EC만이 꿀벌에 독성을 보여주었으며 milbemectin EC는 배량처리군에서 대조군과 비교하여 유의한 치사율 차이를 보여주었다. 또한 엽상잔류독성시험에서는 fenpropathrin EC만이 10일 이상 장기간 잔류독성을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 21종 제품농약에 대한 살포 후 꿀벌안전방사기간을 제안하였다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.48-51
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• 2014

Since the year of 2006 when the extended revision of the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds was undertaken, considerable progresses have been made in revising the Classification. This paper aimed to summarize the present status on revision of the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds, focusing remarkable achievements such as 1) the draft revision of the Codex Classification for the fruit commodity group and 2) the draft Principles and Guidance on the Selection of Representative Commodities for the Extrapolation of Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides to Commodity Groups, adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in 2012. Additionally, it included information on lists of crop group or subgroup which are holding at Step 7 and were adopted at Step 5, and further have not been yet discussed by the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. These information will be very helpful for a pesticide regulatory regime.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.233-239
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• 1988

The base of Indian milk production is the millions of nondescript cows and buffaloes in rural areas, fed mainly on crop residues and agro-industrial wastes. The mainstay of the feeding system is straws and stovers. Therefore the approach to increase the fibrous residues utilisation for animal production was ideal and useful. The methods available for the above purpose were not found acceptable in rural areas owing to certain practical problems. The development of urea molasses block was, therefore aimed at solving the practical field problems. Urea Molasses Block has been developed as a feed supplement that can bring forth an effect of rumen manipulation thereby increase the conversion rate of feeds. The formula and process technology were thus developed. Before starting the mass production and popularisation the product was tested in controlled condition in farms and also in villages. Encouraged with the results the feed is now commercially manufactured under Indian Patent No. 156047.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.124-134
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• 1997

As control of plant diseases, insects and weeds were heavily relied on pesticides, residues of pesticides in environment and food supply were recently focused by environmentalists and consumer groups. The reduction of pesticide use was implemented in Sweden, Denmark, Netherland, England, and United States. Therefore, it is very important to discuss environmentally sound systems of weed management including cultural, mechanical, and integrated weed control. Mechanical methods using tillage, cultivation, mulching, burning, mowing, solarization, and UHF are used as one of most effective environmentally sound weed management systems. Cultural practices favoring the crops are excellent weed management measures. Correct seedbed preparation for the soil and cultural system, and use competitive cultivars contribute to weed management. Increasing crop density by higher seeding rate or by narrowing row width and careful attention to optimum fertility to produce vigorous crop plants increase competitiveness of crops against weeds. Crop rotation breaks life cycles of weeds by alternating the crop it must associate with. Herbicides are efficient and profitable to control weeds, but must be part of a total weed management program with use of minimum rate. The best weed management will be an integrated approach including two or more methods to manage weed problems.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2011

Alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.1) is an enzyme present in higher plants involved in the anaerobic fermentation pathway that catalyzes the reduction of pyruvate to ethanol, resulting in continuous $NAD^+$ regeneration. It also plays an important role in many plant developments including tolerance to anoxia condition. Here, a cDNA clone encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was isolated from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) seedlings. The gene named Bradh1 had a total length of 1,326 bp that contains a single open reading frame of 1,140 bp. The predicted protein consists of 379 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 41.17 kDa. Expression pattern analysis revealed a tissue-specific expressing gene in different tissues and strongly expressed in the shoot, roots and seeds of Chinese cabbage. Agrobacterium transformation of full-length cDNA Bradh1 into rice Gopumbyeo showed high efficiency. Furthermore, induction of ADH in transgenic rice enhanced tolerance to anaerobiosis stresses and elevated mRNA transcripts. The overexpression of Bradh1 in rice increases germination under anaerobiosis stresses, implying the possibility of developing new varieties suited for direct seeding or flood-prone rice field.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2009

벼농사용 살충제인 fipronil의 비의도적 노출에 의한 꿀벌(Apis mellifera L.)의 피해를 확인하기 위해 급성독성시험, 엽상잔류독성시험, cage를 이용한 소규모야외시험을 실시하였다. 급성접촉독성시험에서 24시간과 48시간의 $LD_{50}$은 각각 0.008, $0.005{\mu}g$ a.i./bee 로 꿀벌에 매우 강한 급성독성을 보였으며 급성위해지수(QHc)는 12,500으로 매우 높은 수준이었다. 엽상잔류독성시험에서는 피프로닐 액상수화제 살포 후 28일까지 90%이상 치사율을 보여 장기간 꿀벌에 독성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이때 fipronil의 표면부착잔류량(dislodgeable foliar residue)을 분석한 결과 $DT_{50}$은 9일, $DT_{90}$은 31일이었다. 야외시험의 결과에서도 28일의 치사율이 40%로 조사되어 실내 엽상잔류독성시험과 유사한 잔류독성을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 fipronil은 꿀벌에 대한 급성독성이 매우 강하면서 장기간의 잔류독성이 있어 잎 표면의 매우 낮은 잔류량으로 꿀벌에 피해를 줄 가능성이 매우 높은 살충제이다. 따라서 재배작물뿐만 아니라 살포지역 인근의 밀원식물에 약제살포시 바람에 날려 오염될 경우 화분매개용 꿀벌과 자연생태계 유용곤충에 위해가능성이 매우 높기 때문에 꿀벌이 왕성한 활동을 하는 시기에는 야외살포를 금지하여야 하며, 궁극적으로 야외생태계 유용곤충을 보호하기 위해서는 실내사용 목적으로만 사용되도록 제한해야 할 것으로 판단된다.