• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.143-159
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• 2012

Agricultural income is calculated with producer price, output and management cost. This study compared organic farming with conventional one for agricultural income, producer price and output by items. And then it proposed the method of item selection and crop system from a diversification point of view. The coefficient of variation to producer prices in organic farming was 4.7%, and conventional one was 30.3% because organic products have been produced in a system of contract farming with consumers' cooperative. This result means the price of organic products is stabler than that of conventional price. And agricultural income of organic farming has been generally known more than that of conventional one. However, agricultural gross income of conventional farming was more than that of organic one by 20.3% in 2010. It was caused by output reduction of a few items(fer example; onion, large green onion, potato and young pumpkin) due to freak weather conditions and constant producer price for several years in organic farming. In order to increase agricultural income, appropriate crop selection and system should be introduced to organic farming. A principal crop is the rice plant and 2 subordinate crops are dry crops at bare field and greenhouse respectively. Thus 5 crop systems that agricultural gross income are relatively increased larger among 15 crop systems estimated are rice+ginger+cucumber, rice+ginger+tomato, rice+large green onion+cucumber, rice+sweet potato+cucumber and rice+onion+ cucumber.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.143-152
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• 2013

No-till farming system has been extensively studied all over the world as the effective method for maintaining the soil fertility. The general advantages of this system have been well known for reducing the labor, fuel, machinery, and irrigation cost as well as for increasing the soil quality through soil aggregation, water infiltration, microbial population and etc. Recently, it becomes more popular with the increase of interest on sustainable agriculture, especially because of its higher carbon sequestration potential compared to conventional tillage. Crop residue management should be essentially included to look forward to achieving the positive effect on reduction of greenhouse gas. Nonetheless, there are also negative opinions on effect of no-till farming system. For example, some researchers reported that soil physical properties were not improved by no-till under certain soil and climatic conditions. This means no-till farming systems were strongly affected by the soil characters and climatic conditions. Therefore, the researches to meet the specific-regional characters are greatly needed in order for no-till farming system to successfully settle in Korea. The objective of the review article is to present the future direction and perspective on no-till farming system in Korea. For this purpose, we summarized the results of domestic and foreign researches about no-till farming system until now. Specifically, the chapter on foreign research consisted of four parts: positive and negative effects, the effect in paddy soil, and latest research direction (2012-2013) of no-till farming systems. Whereas, review for domestic researches was divided into two main parts: paddy and upland soils. In the final chapter, the priorities for the optimum conservation tillage in Korea were discussed and proposed through the previous researches.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-72
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• 2018

Organic agriculture seeks sustainable agriculture. Organic agriculture is based on circulating agriculture of a family farm unit. However, as of the end of 2016, only 33 out of the total organic farming farms were implementing Crop-Livestock cycling organic farming. The reason seems to be a matter of income after all. The optimal size combination refers to the scale by which family farms can maintain their quality of life while engaging in farming activities. In other words. it is a farm scale that maintains optimal income through stable labor costs. In the meantime, there has been no previous study on the optimal economical combination of Crop-Livestock cycling farming. Choi (2016) analyzed whether the economies of scope (EOS) were realized in the combined production by using the management data of the farmers who practiced Crop-Livestock cycling organic farming for four years. As a result, it has been revealed that the EOS measurement value is 0 or more so the economies of scope are being realized. Therefore, the purpose of this empirical analysis is to identify farm incomes under this circumstance. It is assumed that the optimum production is achieved by balancing the total income curve and the total cost curve in the optimal scale production range. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the income after the conversion to Crop-Livestock cycling farming was 44,789,280 won, the sum of the seedling-livestock sector, which was 17,873,120 won higher when the non-Crop-Livestock cycling farming was assumed. The same is true for 2014 and 2015. The reason for this is that pig droppings were composted from organic seedlings, and the cost of selling pork was 150,000 won/per pig more expensive even though the manufacturing cost of organic feeds was higher than the purchasing cost. Secondly, this study simulated the result that the economic index varies when the farm size combination is changed by the farm size of 100% standard (S100) as of 2014. S130 is the increase in size from 100% of 2014, whereas S30 is the result of 3ha crop and 66 livestock (pigs). As a result of this simulation, Crop-Livestock cycling farming income decreased more than non-Crop-Livestock cycling farming as the farm size decreased, whereas the income decreased as the farm size increased. When the size was reduced below S50, the income tended to decrease. In this situation, EOS changed in the same direction. The results showed that when the farming size was reorganized and reduced to 50% compared to 2014, the income and income difference was the highest. At the same time, economies of scope (EOS) were the highest at 0.12985. In other words, it was found that the income of farm houses in a family farm unit sector was the best in the combination of 1.5ha crop agriculture and 110 livestock (pigs).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.367-386
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• 2020

The significance of this study was to analyze the quality value of organic livestock pork for the first time based on the results of managing and testing the cycling organic farming of black pork and vegetables within farm for two years. The results of analysis could be summarized as follows. First, the pork of experimental group with crop-livestock cycling farming showed the excellent quality and high consumer preference compared to the control group of general pork or pork from non-crop-livestock cycling organic farming. In the content ratio of Omega-3 as a representative essential fatty acid, it was 1.46 that was about 2.8 times more than general pork (0.52). In case of Omega-6, it had about 2.5 times more than general pork. Especially, the U/S ratio value which was the content ratio of Unsaturated Fatty Acid (UFA, U) of Saturated Fatty Acid (SFA, S), was largely shown in pork (2.93) from cycling organic farming. Second, it would be necessary to maintain the economies of scope shown in crop-livestock cycling organic farming, and the high quality value of livestock products. For this, there should be a value chain model that could realize the economies of scope and economies of scale at the same time based on scaling and diversification through cooperative organization between farmers. Through this, it would be possible to establish a cycling model called 'community cooperative agriculture' by forming local internal markets through cooperation of production-processing and integration of distribution-sale-consumption. For the managerial activation of this cooperative organization, the government should promote/support the small crop-livestock cycling organic farming cooperative organization in local unit. For securing the reliability of crop-livestock cycling organic agricultural products and crop-livestock cycling organic livestock products, it would be necessary to review the introduction of Participatory Guarantee System (PGS).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.108-110
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• 2011

In order to evaluation of beneficial functions for organic farming, we have divided beneficial functions as 9 sub-functions such as flooding control, fostering water resources, purifying the air, mitigating summer climate, purifying water quality, decreasing soil erosion, accumulating soil carbon, conserving biodiversity, and preventing accidents from pesticides. And they were quantified by searching related repots and statistics, and surveying fields. Organic farming, especially organic paddy farming, showed that some functions like fostering water resources, accumulating soil carbon, conserving biodiversity, and preventing accidents from pesticides were higher than conventional paddy farming, while the others were almost similar. The fostering water resources function was evaluated as 4,297 ton $ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$ to increase about 3.6% comparing with that of conventional farming. New function for accumulating soil carbon at organic paddy fields has been assessed by 4.67 ton $ha^{-1}$ in terms of long periods over 10 years. Considering area of organic paddy farming in Korea and value of carbon price, it was evaluated monetary value as 22.4 to 84.1 billion won using replaced method. It could be also evaluated that flooding control, fostering water resources, purifying the air, mitigating summer climate, purifying water quality, decreasing soil erosion, and preventing accidents from pesticides were 2,980, 123.4, 482.6, 87.5, 0.9, 55.6, and 284.1 billion won, respectively. Conserving biodiversity function would be very big at organic farming though it couldn't be evaluated as monetary value.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.240.1-240.1
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• 2007

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.301-328
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to classify the silver farming types and to investigate proper crops for silver farmers. Data were collected from 408 farmers returned from the urban area. Descriptive statistics were employed using SPSS/PC windows program. After then, researchers discussed the silver farming patterns and their proper crops, and tried to analyze the silver farming model. Major results were as follows: The farming aims of retirees, urban residents as well as farmers returned from the urban area were various from hobby/ leisure to income generating activities. Fourteen types of silver farming were classified by farming aim and residential area of retirees. Retirees in the hobby/leisure-oriented silver farming type can select and enjoy the various plants, animals, and insects as well as crops due to their small scale. Silver farmers in the self-sufficiency type may select crops for their food. Income-oriented silver farmers may have difficulties in choosing the proper crop. They must consider their income needs, health status and field location. Profit-oriented silver farmers with venture mind can have some business opportunities in the agricultural sectors in spite of severe competition. As the aged silver farmers have poor health, they must keep work safety rules, use the proper work-aids, and utilize the labor-saving farming system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2019.09a
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• pp.17-17
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• 2019

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: With increasing public awareness to environment-friendly agriculture, many efforts have been run to develop organic farming technologies in Korea as of late 90s. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different organic farming practices on soil chemical properties and water quality in paddy fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were monitored for a two-year period (2006 to 2007) from the study organic paddy fields located in Wan-ju, Jeonbuk Province in Korea. TN and TP of organic paddy water were gradually increased for 2~3 weeks after organic manure application and then gradually decreased afterward. The overall variation of TP in the paddy fields was much greater than that of TN. The phosphorus content in organic paddy field appeared to increase with the organic farming period. CONCLUSION(s): This indicates that long-term organic farming is likely to cause phosphorus accumulation in soils and increase vulnerability to rainfall runoff. Thus, appropriate phosphorus management needs to be implemented, particularly, to reduce excessive phosphorus supply owing to nitrogen-based determination of organic manure application amount.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.178-181
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• 2011

The test was carried out at a test field at the Wanju Eco-Farming Complex from 2009 to 2010 to figure out the proper application of fertilizers when growing rice at the Eco-Farming Complex. The result showed that when compared to the basal application of compost as fertilizer, applying supplementary compost after natural re-seeding of chinese milk vetch (CMV) helped balance soil nutrition and maintained rice yields.