• 미국학
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2020

This paper is an effort to critique the heteronormative interpretations of Kate Chopin's The Awakening and to examine the relationships of three women-Edna Pontellier, Adele Ratignolle, Mademoiselle Reisz-in the homosocial climate of the Grand Isle. Through the disclosure of erotic encounters between these women and their deferred gratification, Chopin reveals the social imperative which suppresses and fixates female desire on a male object choice. Chopin also sheds light upon the masculine language appropriating romance and chivalry that renders it impossible for Edna to articulate her sexuality within the matrix of the phallocentric society. The Awakening is not a conventionalized plot which ends in Edna's subordination to the patriarchal order; rather, the story demonstrates the "process" of how her sexual awakening becomes negotiated under the patriarchal system and exposes the excess of desire that fails to be subsumed under the hegemonic discourse.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.321-326
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• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to critique the links between science and scientific researchers, politics and capital surrounding vaccines and vaccination in a pandemic era. It also introduces standards for adapting ethical guidelines for research under public health emergencies to specific circumstances and contexts. It also introduces ethical standards to be applied to scientific research. that is, scientific relevance, social value, cooperative partnerships, reasonable risk-benefit costs, fair and voluntary participation, independent review, and equal moral respect for participants and affected communities. It also outlines the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic-consent and other research procedure modifications proposed by Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU). We are on the lookout for powerful capital and hegemonic groups inseparable from politics and important decision makers in the pandemic era - that is, scientists, supporters, and scientific civic groups. It underscores the need for an independent and formal scientific advisory body with the right balance between science and politics.

• 수완나부미
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.81-99
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• 2013

Đoạn tuyệt is the representative of not only Nhất Linh's literary life but also of the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn [Self-Strength Literary Group]. Đoạn tuyệt's contributions are emphasized in the following aspects: 1) critique of the feudal family model, 2) an advocate of female and individual liberation, 3) nationalistic content, though rather vague. Based on analysis of gender power relations in the masculinization of femininity exemplified in the character Loan of the novel, this paper addresses the following points: - In Đoạn tuyệt, the woman is eager to free herself from feudalist ties not to construct her own identity but to identify her with men's identities. - The construction of new feminine identities was conditioned in new rising discourses of Western modernity-based nationalisms in pre-revolutionary Vietnam. - The feminization of masculinity echoes the crisis of Vietnamese masculine in facing colonial power.

• The Korean journal of internal medicine
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2024

Hypertension remains a global health concern because of suboptimal blood pressure control despite advancements in antihypertensive treatments. Chronotherapy, defined as evening or bedtime administration of medication based on biological rhythms, is emerging as a potential strategy to improve blood pressure control and treatment outcomes. Clinical trials have investigated the potential effects of nighttime administration of antihypertensive medication in the improvement of 24 hours blood pressure control and reduction of cardiovascular risk. Implementing chronotherapy in clinical practice could have significant implications in enhancing blood pressure control and improving clinical outcomes in patients with hypertension, particularly those with resistant hypertension. However, recent trials have reported contradictory results, causing confusion in real-world practice. Herein we review, analyze, and critique the current evidence and propose suggestions regarding the clinical application and future directions of chronotherapy.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제32호
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• pp.103-128
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• 2008

정조는 척족이 특권세력으로 발호하던 영조대 후반의 탕평정치에서 아버지를 여읜 피해자였다. 노론의 거센 방해공작을 뚫고 왕위에 오른 정조의 목표는 왕권 강화였다. 정조는 탕평정책을 영조 50여년 치세의 대업적으로 칭송하고 척신과 탕평당의 폐해를 지적하면서 신하들에게 왕을 위해 충성을 다하는 '국변인(國邊人)'이 되어줄 것을 요구하였다. 정조가 즉위 직후부터 설치 운영한 규장각(奎章閣)은 겉으로는 어제(御製)의 봉안 등을 표방했지만, 실제로는 정조의 우군을 양성하기 위한 기구였다. 그만큼 정조가 외척들을 누르고 어떻게 사대부들을 포섭하는가 하는 문제는 정권의 사활이 걸린 문제였다. 본고에서는 정조가 사대부들을 어떻게 굴복시키고 포섭하려 했는가라는 문제를 본격적으로 조명하였다. 그것을 통해서 정조가 시도한 왕권강화책의 논리와 방법을 확인해 보고자 하였다. 정조는 경학(經學)의 본질은 성리학이 아니라 실생활과 절실하게 관련된 학문이라는 점을 강조함으로써 사대부들의 이념적 근거를 붕괴시키고자 하였다. 정조가 사대부들의 풍기와 세도를 비판하고 그들의 학문인 주자성리학의 의미를 축소했던 것은 사대부들을 왕권에 복속시키기 위한 방편이었다. 붕당론이나 성학론을 기본으로 하는 사대부들의 정치 이념과 학문적 근거를 반박함으로써 공론(公論)의 주체로서 국왕의 권위를 강조하려고 하였다. 정조가 영조의 '군사(君師)' 개념을 계승하고 왕호도 '홍재(弘齋)'에서 '만천명월주인옹(萬川明月主人翁)'으로 바꾼 것은 그의 사대부 비판이 궁극적으로 지향하고자 했던 바를 상징적으로 보여준다.

• 인문언어
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.223-265
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• 2002

In United States black mothers have consistently been treated as national outsiders, as women whose children, although ostensibly entitled to full citizenship, are in practice rarely provided with equal protection within the nation′s borders or under its laws. From the time he began writing in the aftermath of the failures of national Reconstruction, the African American public intellectual and political activist W. E. B. Du Bois realized that a truly effective anti-racist politics would also have to contend with the particular ways in which U.S. racism targeted black mothers. In short, he understood that an effective anti-racism would necessarily have to be a form of anti-sexism. This article examines the myriad ways in which Du Bois attempted to reconstruct the relationship between race and reproduction in the interest of producing anti-racist, anti-nationalist, as well as internationalist thinking. In so doing it treats the various representations of black maternity and child birth that Du Bois created, and elaborates on the rhetorical and political function of these representations in combating the racialization of national belonging on the one hand, and in articulating universal black citizenship, or what this article theorizes as racial globality on the other. The article begins by considering Du Bois′s attempts to transcend ideas about the racialized reproductive body as a source of national belonging within the United States, particularly his efforts to contest the idea of the reconstructing nation as a white nation reproduced exclusively by white women. Through analysis of Du Bois′s depiction of the birth and death of his son in his monumental work The Souls of Black Folk (1903) it demonstrates his reluctance to build an anti-racist politics founded on the idea that belonging within the nation is something that can be bestowed by one′s mother. The article proceeds by turning to Du Bois less well-known romantic novel, Dark Princess (1928) in which, by contrast, he depicts the birth of a "golden chi1d" who belongs not only within the United States, but within the world. This child, the son of an African American man and an Indian Princess, is cast as a messenger and messiah of a utopian alliance between pan-Asia and pan-Africa. In exploring the relationship between these two reproductive portraits, the article moves from a discussion of Du Bois′s critique of the ideological construction of the U.S. as a white nation reproduced by white progenitors, to an examination the literary figuration of a b1aek mother out of whose womb a black diasporic anti-imperialist alliance springs. In contrast to previous scholarship, which has tended to focus on the critique of U.S. racial nationalism that Du Bois expressed in his early work, or on the internationalism that he later embraced, this article pays close attention to how Du Bois′s anti-nationalist and internationalist politics together subtended by subtle, but constitutive, sexual politics.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.388-401
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• 2017

이 연구에서는 과학관 활용 수업을 위한 교육 프로그램에 참여한 예비화학교사의 교수 설계에서 나타나는 특징을 분석하였다. 서울 소재의 사범대학에 재학 중인 예비화학교사 3명이 참여하였다. 교육 프로그램은 워크숍, 수업 계획 및 시연, 평가회로 구성하였다. 워크숍 후 예비교사가 제작한 방문 전, 중, 후 활동지를 토대로 반구조화된 면담을 실시하였고, 국립과천과학관에서 시연한 수업과 이에 대한 평가회를 관찰 및 녹음하여 이를 바탕으로 최종 면담을 실시하였다. 활동지, 수업 시연 및 면담내용을 과학관 학습 수행 전략 틀의 요소로 분석하여 예비교사의 교수 설계에서 나타나는 특징을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 모든 예비교사가 학교 교육과정과의 연계를 고려하여 수업을 계획하였고, 지리적, 심리적 측면을 고려하여 방문 전 활동을 계획하였다. 또한 공동의 산출물을 낼 수 있는 소집단 활동을 계획하였고, 학생에게 선택의 기회를 주어 학생의 자발적인 참여를 촉진하였다. 그러나 예비교사들은 방문 전, 중, 후 활동 사이의 연계에 대해 잘 고려하지 못하였다. 방문 중 활동에서는 학생의 인지적 참여를 효과적으로 이끌어내지 못하였고, 방문 후 활동에서도 학생의 개인적인 경험에 대한 고려가 부족하였다.

• 인문언어
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.47-63
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• 2001

"A Variation of Love" is a characteristic Kim Soo-Young poem, in that it embodies the poet′s innovative use of language and proceeds speedily, like many of his other poems. Above all, the poem reveals the core of Kim′s poetical spirit, his speculation about love. The poem is difficult to understand because it broadly uses run-on lines and even run-on stanzas, a technique that many readers are unfamiliar with. The semiological approach of this paper will bring new light on the poem by restructuring the relationship between signs, that is, by taking apart the sign system of the original text and reconstructing its sentence structure. If we rearrange the poem from its original six stanzas and fifty-one lines to four stanzas and twenty-three lines, we will discover a close connection between stanzas 1 and 2, and between stanzas 3 and 4. Of the many keywords of the poem, we may establish the dominant word as "love," into which every poetic word converges and from which each word emanates. Another important keyword is "fatigue of the city" in stanza 4. Similarly negative aspects of the city may be found in the line "the same may be said of Bombay, of New York, of Seoul" in stanza 3, as well as in the words "desire" in combination with "the lamplights of Seoul like leftovers in the pig sty" in stanza 1. The persona of the poem tries to overcome the "fatigue of the city" by "love," but the way he realizes love is, somewhat peculiarly, through stillness and silence. The persona aligns "the stones of the peach and the apricot and the dried persimmon" with the his faith in love. He calls the stones "beautiful hardness" presumably because that hardness (the stillness and silence) may blossom into beauty. In the earlier stanzas, the persona′s quest for love results in an awareness that love is omnipresent, but the persona determines "not to shout it out loud." The reason for this determination is found in stanza 4. Those who experience the "fatigue of the city" will be able to realize it by themselves. This seemingly defeatist conclusion by no means suggest pessimism, for the persona holds the conviction that "there will come a day when [one] will rave for love." This conviction rescues the poem from the dismal mood suggested by the "fatigue of the city." At all events, it is important to note that the "fatigue of the city" should not be considered apart from "love." Yet, strangely enough, the poem embodies a severe critique of the city, and further investigation is necessary in order to clarify why this critique appears in the form of "love." But this will be the treated in another paper.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제25호
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• pp.411-437
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• 2009

일반적으로 왕양명으로부터 유종주에로의 사상적 전환은 곧 '주체성(主體性)'에 대한 강조에서 '의향성(意向性)'에 대한 강조로의 전환으로 해석된다. 이러한 주체성에 대한 강조에서부터 의향성에 대한 강조로의 전환은 왕양명이 제시한 사구교와 이에 대한 비판을 기초로 유종주가 새롭게 제시하는 사구교의 차이에서 두드러지게 나타난다. 왕양명이 말년에 제시한 사구교 사상에 대한 논란은 양명 생전부터 있어왔으며 이는 양명 사후에도 끊임없이 논란의 대상이 되었다. 사구교에 대한 논란으로 말미암아 양명학파는 분화의 과정을 겪게 되었으며, 이는 또한 명말청초 학술계에서 주요 논쟁 중의 하나로 자리잡게 되었다. 유종주의 사구교에 대한 비판과 재해석 또한 이러한 논쟁 과정을 통해 산출된 결과물이라 하겠다. 왕양명과 유종주의 심학의 차이는 '의'에 대한 서로 다른 해석에서 말미암는다. 주지하다시피 왕양명에게 있어 '의'는 마음의 발한 이발의 상태에 있는 것이지만, 유종주가 말하는 '의'는 마음 속에 내재하여 마음이 마음일 수 있는 근거가 되는 존재이다. 이러한 '의'에 대한 해석 차이로 말미암아 유종주는 궁극적으로 왕양명의 사구교와는 다른 내용의 새로운 사구교 사상을 제시하기에 이른다. 양명학 비판에 있어 그는 왕양명의 본래 의미에 대한 충분한 이해없이 자기 자신의 개인적인 견해를 바탕으로 양명학을 해석한 면이 없지 않았고, 또한 자기 자신이 이해한 "대학"의 의리(義理)를 기준으로 삼아 양명학의 시비를 판단하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 따라서 그의 양명학에 대한 비판은 종종 이치에 맞지 않는 면도 있다. 비록 유종주의 양명학에 대한 이해와 이를 바탕으로 한 양명학에 대한 비판이 비합리적인 요소를 내포하고 있다고 하나, 유종주의 양명학에 대한 견해는 나름대로의 의의가 있다. 유종주의 양명학 비판은 단순히 왕양명 사상을 비판하기 위한 것이 아니라 시대적인 병폐를 치유하기 위한 것이었다. 이 결과 그는 왕양명 사구교에 대한 새로운 해석을 통해 자신만의 독특한 심학이론을 제시하게 되는 것이다.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제17권
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• pp.113-134
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• 2004

According to Hans Kippenberg, the foundation of an academic study of religions coincided with the beginnings of modernization. Since the second half of the nineteenth century most European countries were involved in a process of rapid social change. The repercussions that this had for daily life were momentous. Instead of working for their traditional needs, people now had to produce goods for a market. Old customs ceded to private contracts and political laws. The superior knowledge of science replaced the inherited worldview. This deep changed severed societies from their ties to the past. Many educated people in Europe believed in an imminent end of all religions. Had not the scientific progress superseded the religious worldview? Historians had to come to terms with that expectation when they directed their attention to historical religions. Friedrich Max Muller introduced a new science, so-called Religionswissenschaft through the study of the ancient Vedic sources. He thought that genuine religion was a taste for, and sense of, the infinite. From his point of view, the Indian sources confirm that nature is more than mechanical laws. Thus his interpretation sought to contradict the materialist ideology of his day. Edward Burnett Tylor described religions as a kind of natural philosophy. His notion of 'soul' functioned to explain natural events. This legacy of the past cannot be missed even in modern society. Only the concept of the soul may preserve human dignity in an age of materialism. Gerardus van der Leeuw, also tried to perform the same function of the cultural critique for the renewal of the religious imagination in modern, rationalized Europe imprisoned in the iron-cage. In this respect, we could think that the interpretations of the history of the History of Religions in the light of the intellectual history are very suggestive for the korean student of religion. It helps them to describe the early history of the study of religion in Korea. For example, Yi Neung Wha(李能和) is regarded as 'a father of korean religious studies, but no one could present a proper answer for the question of why and through which connection of his intellectual milieu he was interested in the religious history and the study of religion. We would discover its signification in his confrontation of the prevailing social thought, such as social evolutionism.