• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 1984

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of crude ginseng saponin in water was determined by fluorometry and surface-tension measurement. These two methods gave the the CMC value, 0.015g/100ml AND 0.013G/100ml, respectively. The surface excess of the saponin and the area occupied by a saponin molecule at the monolayer adsorbed at air and waterinterface were calculated employing Gibbs adsorption equation. The presence of salt increased the surface activity of the saponin: it decreased the CMC, the surface tension at the CMC and the area occupied by a saponin molecule at the monolayer, which should be due to the salting-out effect of the salt.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.272-276
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• 2005

Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was grown in BHIB medium supplemented with $Mn^{2+}$ for 96 h at $37^{\circ}C$ in a shaker incubator. After removing the microbial biomass, a lipopeptide biosurfactant was extracted from the supernatant. Its structure was established by chemical and spectroscopy methods. The structure was confirmed by physical properties, such as Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB), surface activity and erythrocyte hemolytic capacity. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) and erythrocyte hemolytic capacity of the biosurfactant were compared to those of surfactants such as SDS, BC (benzalkonium chloride), TTAB (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide) and HTAB (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide). The maximum hemolytic effect for all surfactants mentioned was observed at concentrations above cmc. The maximum hemolytic effect of synthetic surfactants was more than that of the biosurfactant produced by B. subtilis ATCC 6633. Therefore, biosurfactant would be considered a suitable surface-active agent due to low toxicity to the membrane.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.781-786
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• 1993

$Mg^{2+}$ 존재하에서 비이온성 계면활성제 $nonylphenol-(ethylene oxide)_n$[NP-nEO; n = 12, 40, 100]와 요오드간의 상호작용을 UV-visible spectrophotometer를 이용하여 수용액 중에서 조사하였다. CMC (Critical micelle concentration)는 $Mg^{2+}$ 농도 증가에 따라 감소하였으며, 그 감소폭은 EO(ethylene oxide) 수에 크게 의존하였다. CMC 이상에서 $Mg^{2+}$ 첨가에 따른 상호작용 피크와 강도는 증가하다가 감소하는 변곡점을 보였다. 상호작용 피크의 강도 증가는 $Mg^{2+}$ 존재하에서 미셀구조가 더욱 조밀해진데 따른 요오드와의 전자주게-받게 겹침증가로 볼 수 있다. 이러한 현상들은 비이온성 계면활성제 미셀표면에 노출된 EO 사슬이 유사크라운에테르 구조를 형성하여 $Mg^{2+}$ 의 착물을 형성할 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.286-293
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• 2006

대전일원의 유류오염 지역의 토양으로부터 원유를 단일 탄소원으로 이용하는 총 322균주를 순수분리 하였고, 이중 생물 계면활성제(biosurfactant) 생성능이 가장 우수한 한 균주를 최종 선별하여 형태 및 생리 생화학적 특성을 조사하고 16S rRNA 염기서열을 분석을 통하여 동정한 결과 Pseudomonas sp.로 확인되어 Pseudomonas sp. G314라 명명하였다. 최종 선별된 Pseudomonas sp. G314는 암피실린, 클로람페니콜, 스펙티노마이신, 스트렙토마이신 등의 항생제와 Li, Cr, Mn 등의 중금속에 대해 강한 내성을 갖고 있었고, 최적 온도와 pH는 각각 $30^{\circ}C$와 pH 7.0으로 확인되었다. Pseudomonas sp. G314가 생성하는 생물 계면활성제의 초기 표면장력은 72 dyne/cm이었으나, 배양 7시간 후 부터는 표면장력이 최대 25 dyne/cm까지 감소되었다. Pseudomonas sp. G3l4가 생산하는 생물 계면활성제를 회수하고 농축하기 위해, 산 침전 후에 유기용매로 배양액을 추출하고 이를 감압농축하여 얻은 시료를 crude biosurfactant로 사용하여 CMC (critical micelle concentration)간을 측정한 결과 20 mg/L로 확인되었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2003

A polymeric micelle drug delivery system was developed to enhance the solubility of poorly-water soluble drug, biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate, DDB. The block copolymers consisting of poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA) as the hydrophobic segment and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) as the hydrophilic segment were synthesized and characterized by NMR, DSC and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. The size of the polymeric micelles measured by dynamic light scattering showed a narrow monodisperse size distribution with the average diameter less than 50 nm. The MW of mPEG-PLA, 3000 (MW of mPEG, 2 K; MW of PLA, 1K), and the presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments on the polymeric micelles were confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy and NMR, respectively. Polymeric micelle solutions of DDB were prepared by three different methods, i.e. the matrix method, emulsion method and dialysis method. In the matrix method, DDB solubility was reached to 13.29 mg/mL. The mPEG-PLA 2K-1K micelle system was compared with the poloxamer 407 micelle system for their critical micelle concentration, micelle size, solubilizing capacity, stability in dilution and physical state. DDB loaded-polymeric micelles prepared by the matrix method showed a significantly increased aqueous solubility (＞5000 fold over intrinsic solubility) and were found to be superior to the poloxamer 407 micelles as a drug carrier.

• 폴리머
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2009

이 연구에서 norfloxacin(NFX)이 담지된 poly($\varepsilon$-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene glycol)(PCL/PEG, abbreviated as CE) 이중블록공중합체로 구성된 고분자 미셀을 제조하였다. 입자크기는 PCL블록길이에 따라 60$\sim$200 nm사이였다. 임계회합농도는 소수성 PCL 블록길이가 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. $^1H$-NMR 연구에서 PCL 블록은 내핵, PEG는 외피를 형성한 미셀구조로 형성되었음을 확인하였다. 약물의 방출은 약 2일간 지속되었으며 PCL블록길이와 약물함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 항미생물 성능 실험에서 고분자 미셀은 기존의 NFX와 비슷한 독성을 보였다.

• 폴리머
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.512-518
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• 2006

양친성 블록공중합체는 생분해성 고분자인 poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyrie acid), PHB와 친수성 고분자인 poly(ethylene glycol), PEG를 이용하여 제조되었다. 미생물에 의해 생산된 분자량이 수십만인 PHB는 약물전달용 재료로 적합하지 않으므로 산 촉매 가수분해를 통해 분자량이 $3000{\sim}30000$을 가지도록 조절되었다. 공중합체를 수용액에 넣으면, 고분자들은 자기 조립에 의해 친수성인 PEG가 소수성인 PHB를 감싸는 형태의 고분자 미셀을 형성한다. 형성된 고분자 미셀은 생분해성과 생체적합성을 가지면서 생체 내에서 낮은 독성과 환자 친화적인 특성을 가지므로 약물 전달체로의 이용이 가능하다. 양친성 블록 공중합체는 PHB에 PEG를 도입한 것으로 에스테르교환(transesterification) 반응을 통해 유도되었다. PEG는 친수성 블록의 형성과 반응성을 향상시키기 위해 말단의 작용기를 개질한 후 사용되었다. 양친성 블록 공중합체 형성에 대한 열적 특성과 화학적 구조 분석은 DSC, FTIR, $^1H-NMR$을 사용하여 알아보았다. 임계 미셀 농도(critical micelle concentration, CMC)는 고분자 미셀이 형성되는 시점으로 형광 분광기를 사용하여 분석한 결과 $5{\times}10^{-5}g/L$ 부근에서 측정되었다. 수용액 상의 고분자 미셀은 냉동 건조 후, 분말형태의 나노입자를 얻었다. 고분자 미셀의 크기는 dynamic light scattering으로 측정한 결과 약 130 nm 정도로 나타났다. 또한 atomic force microscopy 측정을 통해 크기가 약 130 nm 정도인 구형 입자를 확인하였다. 나노입자가 형성된 고분자 미셀은 소수성 약물을 담지하여 수동적 표적지향형 약물 전달용 수송체로 이용이 가능할 것이다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 1984

The fluorescence intensity rations (F2.F1) of excimer (F2) to monomer (F1) of pyrene were measured as a function of the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). It was found that there were not gross changes in size and shape of sphere-shape micelles in the first micelle concentration, while at concentrations above the second critical micelle concentration (CMC) the micelles grew in size with increasing concentration. Fluorescence intensities of 8-anilinonaphthalene 1-sulfonate (ANS) were also monitored as a micellar probe with varying concentrations of SDS. Results suggested that a phase transition from sphere-shaped micelles to hemicapped rod-like micelles occurred at the second CMC (17). A general formula for the axial ratio of ellip-soil-shaped micelle in the first micelle concentration was suggested. According to this general formula, the axial ratio of SDS, sodium lauryl ether sulfate and sodium laurate were 1:1, 5:2, and 5:3, respectively. The electrolyte-induced phase transition from spherical to hemicapped rod-like micelles occurred and the size of hemicapped rod-like micelles grew with increasing electrolyte concentrations. The maximum concentrations of solubilzed benzene in sphere-shaped micelles and hemicapped rod-like micelles were measured by differential spectrohpotometry. The hemicapped rod-like micelles in the presence of electrolytes grew in size with increasing amount of benzene solubilized.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.437-442
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• 2007

Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEG)-poly(${\beta}$-amino ester) (PAE) block copolymers were synthesized using a Michael-type step polymerization, and the construction of pH-sensitive polymeric micelles (PM) investigated. The ${\beta}$-amino ester block of the block copolymers functioned as a pH-sensitive moiety as well as a hydrophobic block in relation to the ionization of PAE, while PEG acted as a hydrophilic block, regardless of ionization. The synthesized polymers were characterized using $^1H-NMR$, with their molecular weights measured using gel permeation chromatography. The $pK_b$ values of the pH-sensitive polymers were measured using a titration method. The pH-sensitivity and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the block copolymers in PBS solution were estimated using fluorescence spectroscopy. The pH dependent micellization behaviors with various bisacrylate esters varied within a narrow pH range. The critical micelle concentration at pH 7.4 decreased from 0.032 to 0.004 mg/mL on increasing the number of methyl group in the bisacrylate from 4 to 10. Also, the particle size of the block copolymer micelles was determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The DLS results revealed the micelles had an average size below 100 nm. These pH-sensitive polymeric micelles may be good carriers for the delivery of an anticancer drug.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2001

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) at which micelles start to form from a surfactant solution is usually measured in terms of conventional concentration units. However, the thermodynamic potentials are expressed in terms of mole fraction $X_{CMC}$ and $X_{CMC}$ cannot be directly measured experimentally. The Gibbs free energy, ${\Delta}G^{\ast}_{mic}$, in particular is related to $X_{CMC}$ through ${\Delta}G^{\ast}_{mic}$ = $RTlnX_{CMC}$. When it comes to CMC, the molar CMC, $C_{CMC}$, differs only by the proportionality $C^{-1}_{w}$ with $C_{w}$ being the molarity of water. Hence, $C_{CMC}$ is found to be a proper representation of CMC. However, in calculation of ${\Delta}G^{\ast}_{mic}$ and other thermodynamic potentials from the CMC, $X_{CMC}$ or $C_{CMC}/C_{w}$ should be used.