• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제13권3호통권33호
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• pp.100-107
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• 1999

Due to the high temperature and pressure, the materials of pipeline in power plant are degraded by creep damage. So far, many conventional measurement techniques such as replica method, electric resistance method, adn hardness test method for creep damage have been used. Among them, the replica method has mainly been used for the inspection of components. But this technique is restricted to the applications at the surface of the objects and cannot be used to material inside. In this paper, the measuring methods of evaluation by using ultrasonic attenuation and electric resistance for the creep detection of creep damage in the form of cavities on grain boundaries or intergranular microcracks were carried out. Absolute measuring method of quantitave ultrasonic attenuation technique for 1Cr0.5Mo material degradation was analyzed for determining the creep degradation steps using life prediction formula. As a result of measurement for creep specimens, we founded that the coefficient of utrasonic attenuation was increased as the increase of creep life fracton(${phi}c$) and the decreasing rate of wlwctric resistance was also increased.

• 국제강구조저널
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1497-1507
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• 2018

Most of previous studies on fire resistance of restrained steel beams neglected creep effect due to lack of suitable creep model. This paper presents a finite element model (FEM) for accessing the fire resistance of restrained high strength Q460 steel beams by taking high temperature Norton creep model of steel into consideration. The validation of the established model is verified by comparing the axial force and deflection of restrained beams obtained by finite element analysis with test results. In order to explore the creep effect on fire response of restrained Q460 steel beams, the thermal axial force and deflection of the beams are also analyzed excluding creep effect. Results from comparison infer that creep plays a crucial role in fire response of restrained steel beam and neglecting the effect of creep may lead to unsafe design. A set of parametric studies are accomplished by using the calibrated FEM to evaluate the governed factors influencing fire response of restrained Q460 steel beams. The parametric studies indicate that load level, rotational restraint stiffness, span-depth ratio, heating rate and temperature distribution pattern are key factors in determining fire resistance of restrained Q460 steel beam. A simplified design approach to determine the moment capacity of restrained Q460 steel beams is proposed based on the parametric studies by considering creep effect.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2018

Microstructural development of ferritic 11Cr-3.45W heat-resistance steel for ultra-supercritical power plant during creep and thermal aging was investigated using electron microscopy. The test samples were isothermally aged at $700^{\circ}C$ for up to 4000 hours and subjected to creep loading at $700^{\circ}C$ for predetermined periods of lifetime to prepare the damaged materials. In this structural material, a various secondary phases are the primary influence on mechanical properties of ferritic heat-resistance steel. The typical precipitates of $M_{23}C_6$, MX and $M_2X$ secondary phases had been analyzed through qualitative and quantitative manner. Coarsening of precipitates and increase of lath width were observed during creep and thermal aging. This phenomenon was remarkable for creep process compared with isothermal aging process.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2005

Thermal creep properties of the advanced zirconium fuel claddings named by HANA alloys which were developed for high burn-up application were evaluated. The creep test of HANA cladding tubes was carried out by the internal pressurization method in temperature range from 350 to $400^{\circ}C$ and in the hoop stress range from 100 to 150 MPa. Creep tests were lasted up to 800 days, which showed the steady-state secondary creep rate. The creep resistance of HANA fuel claddings was affected by final annealing temperature and various factors, such as alloying element, applied stress and testing temperature. From the results the microstructure observation of the samples before and after creep test by using TEM, the dislocation density was increased in the sample of after creep test. The Sn as an alloying element was more effective in the creep resistance than other elements such as Nb, Fe, Cr and Cu due to solute hardening effect of Sn. In case of HANA fuel claddings, the improved creep resistance was obtained by the control of final heat treatment temperature as well as alloying element.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.451-456
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• 2004

Thermal creep properties of the zirconium tube which was developed for high burnup application were evaluated. The creep test of cladding tubes after various final heat treatment was carried out by the internal pressurization method in the temperature range from $350^{\circ}C to 400^{\circ}C$ and from 100 to 150 MPa in the hoop stress. Creep tests were lasted up to 900days, which showed the steady-state secondary creep rate. The creep resistance of zirconium claddings was higher than that of Zircaloy-4. Factors that affect creep resistance, such as final annealing temperature, applied stress and alloying element were discussed. Tin as an alloying element was more effective than niobium due to solute hardening effect of tin. In case of advanced claddings, the optimization of final heat treatment temperature as well as alloying element causes a great influence on the improvement of creep resistance.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.372-378
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• 2000

The effect of alloying elements on the creep resistance of Zr alloys was investigated using thermal creep tests that were performed as a part of advanced fuel cladding development. The creep tests were conducted at 40$0^{\circ}C$ and 150 MPa for 240 hr. A statistical model was derived from the relationship between the steady-state creep rate and the content of individual alloying elements. The creep strengthening effect decreased in the following sequence : Nb, Sn, Mn, Cr, Mo, Fe and Cu. The high creep resistance of Sn and the opposite effect of Fe on zirconium alloys seem to be associated with their lowering and enhancing, respectively, the self-diffusivity of the zirconium matrix.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 1998

NiAl based ODS (Oxide Dispersion Strengthened) intermetallic alloys have been produced by mechanical alloying (MA) process and consolidated by hot extrusion. Subsequent thermomechanical treatments have been applied to induce secondary recrystallization in an attempt to improve creep resistance in this material. The creep behavior of secondary recrystallized MA NiAl has been investigated and compared with those of as-extruded condition. Minimum creep rate were shown to be approximately two orders of magnitude lower than that in as-extruded condition. The improvement in creep resistance is believed due to the grain coarsening, restricting of dispersoid coarsening as well as increase in grain aspect ratio. Creep threshold stress behavior, below which no measurable creep rate can be detected, has been discussed on the basis of particle-dislocation interaction theory. The threshold stress becomes negligible after secondary recrystallization in MA NiAl, presumably due to dispersoid coarsening and a decrease in grain boundary area during secondary recrystallization.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2014

The influences of small amount of Sn addition on microstructure and creep resistance of AZ91-0.4%Ca alloy have been investigated. The microstructure of the AZ91-0.4%Ca alloy was characterized by ${\alpha}$-(Mg) dendrite cells surrounded by eutectic ${\beta}(Mg_{17}Al_{12})$ and $Al_2Ca$ phases. The 0.5%Sn addition resulted in the formation of rod-shaped CaMgSn particles with the extinction of $Al_2Ca$. The Sn-containing alloy exhibited better creep resistance below $175^{\circ}C$, but the tendency was reversed above $200^{\circ}C$. The reason was discussed in relation to the change in thermal stability of ${\beta}$ phase in response to the Sn addition.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.502-508
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• 2005

Hypereutectic Al-Si alloys have been regarded attractive for automotive and aerospace application, due to high specific strength, good wear resistance, high thermal stability, low thermal expansion coefficient and good creep resistance. Spray casting of hypereutectic Al-Si alloy has been reported to provide distinct advantages over ingot metallurgy (IM) or rapid solidification/powder metallurgy (RS/PM) process in terms of microstructure refinement. In this study, hypereutectic Al-25Si-2.0Cu-1.0Mg alloy was prepared by OSPREY spray casting process. The change of strain rate sensitivity and Creep transition were analyzed by using the load relaxation test and constant creep test. High temperature deformation behavior of the hypereutectic Al-Si alloy has been investigated by applying the internal variable theory proposed by Chang et al. Especially, the creep resistance of spray casted hypereutectic Al-Si alloy can be enhanced considerably by the accumulation of prestrain.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2010

본 연구는 고강도 콘크리트 부재의 고온 하에서의 내화성능을 평가하기 위하여 증기압 및 크리프를 고려한 해석적 모델들을 제시하였다. 내화성능의 평가는 열팽창, 수분확산, 크리프 모델 및 구조해석을 통하여 폭렬진행과 내화시간의 2가지 단계로 구분하였으며, 해석프로그램을 사용하여 사전재하조건에서부터 화재에 따른 부재의 폭렬 및 파괴까지의 전반적인 해석을 수행하였다. 이러한 해석적 모델 및 해석프로그램의 정확성을 검증하기 위하여 해석적 결과와 다른 연구자들에 의한 여러 가지의 실험데이터와 비교하였으며, 그 결과 해석프로그램은 하중, 단면조건, 부재길이, 콘크리트 강도 등 여러 가지 변수들에 대하여 고강도 콘크리트 부재의 내화성능을 해석적으로 잘 평가하고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다.