• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.809-820
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• 2021

The study aimed to investigate the impact of sectoral bank credit facilities provided by commercial banks on the non-oil economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Bank credit facilities are given for nine economic sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, mining, electricity and water, health services, construction, wholesale and retail trade, transportation and communications, services, and finance sector. The study employs annual data from 1970 to 2019. The study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to identify the long-run and short-run dynamics relationships among the variables. The main results reveal that the overall impact of total bank credit has a significant and positive effect on non-oil economic growth in KSA. The results revealed that the effect of bank credit on the non-oil GDP growth in the short and long run was uneven. The study finds that all sectors have a positive and significant impact in the long run, except for the agricultural and mining sectors. Likewise, all sectors have a positive and significant impact in the short run, except for construction, finance, services, and transportation & communications. As a result, bank credit facilities in different sectors have played an important role in enhancing the non-oil economic growth in the KSA.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.181-187
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• 2023

The study aimed to study the effect of the inflation rate, the real domestic product, the interbank lending interest rate, and the total deposits on credit facilities in Jordan for 2012-2021 through quarterly data. The study adopted the ARDL model. The study used the time series analysis method, as the study tests the stationarity of the time series. The results showed that the impact of inflation on the total credit facilities was negative. In contrast, the impact of each of the total deposits, real GDP, and the interest rate of interbank loans on the total credit facilities was positive and significant. The study recommended the need for the banking sector in Jordan to develop risk management mechanisms in a way that allows it to adapt to economic cycles and crises by conducting stress tests and developing scenarios that ensure the formation of sufficient provisions to meet emergencies. The study also recommended that the macroeconomic policy should be based on creating a stable macroeconomic environment that allows the efficient employment of resources in all economic sectors in a way that achieves high economic growth rates, which contributes to the promotion of economic recovery and is reflected in income. Hence, individuals have a greater ability to repay loans.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-54
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• 1985

The mutual credit of Fisheries Cooperatives is reciprocal financing bring overs and shorts to settlement themselves by filling each other's needs among feeble fishermen economically. The spread of mutual credit through Fisheries Cooperatives reduces private loan dependence and private loan interest rate at fishery village, and that fills up policy financing being restricted by working scale. And seeing movement side of Fisheries Cooperatives, it has done an under board to settle self-supporting foundation of primary fisheries cooperatives early. The mutual credit deposit shows about 53 times increase past an interval of a ten years. This increase rate is an epoch-making record being unparalleled in other banking facilities except Fisheries Cooperatives. Then being unparalleled increase rate, time and savings deposits increase has been contributed a great deal than demand deposits. Thinking important function factors as mutual credit growth, we can classify interior and exterior factors. The exterior factor is income of fishery household in some measure, interior factors are the high deposits interest rate and the enlargement of facilities organization. As these, they have been in a better factors, also have been a restriction factors. The restriction factors are conflict cancellation between mutual credit and them bring into existence a village vault, mutual savings and finance companies, private finance. For the sake of continuance growth rate in mutual credit as past, we should eliminate restricted factors in growth. On the other hand the better factors in growth should be act upon affirmation side continually. Consequently under circumstances not to an amicable settlement bring the fisheries fund demand as policy financing, we should do continuous and sound development of fisheries financing by means of putting in good order of fisheries cooperatives mutual credit. Surveying a problem from these viewpoints, when we study more deep and a full into a subject about growth project of mutual credit, we think to expect continuous growth in mutual credit of Fisheries Cooperatives.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.89-97
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference and influence of educational institutions and majors on education service quality, learning satisfaction, and educational institution loyalty, and to provide information on an Academic Credit Bank System appropriate for the two types of education institutions and learners. Looking at the difference in education service quality, learning satisfaction and educational institution loyalty, Lifelong Education Organizations of Universities showed positive awareness compared to Job Technical colleges. Especially, differences in awareness regarding quality of education facilities were largest, followed by educational institution loyalty and learning satisfaction. Looking at the difference in awareness according to educational institution and majors, learners at Lifelong Education Organizations of Universities had positive awareness compared to Job Technical colleges in terms of quality of facilities, learning satisfaction and educational institution loyalty. No difference was found according to major. Looking at the effect of awareness of education service quality on learning satisfaction and educational institution loyalty, factors of education service quality affected learning satisfaction in the order of education>administration>facilities for Lifelong Education Organizations of Universities, and the effect on educational institution loyalty was found in the order of administration> education with no effect shown by facilities. For learners at Job Technical colleges, factors of education service quality affected learning satisfaction in the order of administration>education>facilities. Influence on loyalty to educational institution was found in the order of administration>facilities>education.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.635-641
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• 2021

This paper aims to find out the main factors that are important in determining the size of investment in the Jordanian productive sectors. For this purpose, the study used panel data for four Jordanian productive sectors over the period 2000-2017. Also, fixed-effects modeling was carried out to identify the relationship between investment and its potential determinants. Empirical investigations of the four productive sectors reveal the following results: The real value of sector's production and the real value of credit facilities have a positive and significant impact on investment, while the real interest rate has a negative effect on investment in the Jordanian productive sectors. Also, at the sector level, agriculture was more responsive to changes in the real value of credit facilities, while other sectors were more responsive to changes in the real value of sector's production. According to these results, it seems that some policy actions should be taken to enhance the size and the role of investment in the economy. For example, policymakers should adopt a mixed policy and expand the provision of credit facilities, especially to the agricultural sector, to enhance agricultural activity in a manner that ensures the improvement of infrastructure and land reclamation.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.18
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• pp.91-113
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• 2006

Most merchant of traditional markets think that the condition of market management is getting worse because of decreasing customers caused appearance of large retail stores such as discount store and changing of consumer's life style. Therefore special law was legislated for the activation of traditional markets in 2005. This special law include important articles about surroundings improvement, business management modernization and redevelopment of traditional markets. According to the small and medium business administration data, korea government furnished 177billion and 11billion(won) separately for the facilities and management modernization of traditional markets. Traditional markets of whole country planned and practiced modernization of facilities and management of traditional markets. And most of traditional markets interested in a large project such as establishment of arcade and car parking, remodelling of building, pavement of passageway etc. By the way, under the long term viewpoint, a large project presented above are not the best solution for the traditional markets because of its effectiveness. Maybe, for example, improvement of store signboard and display stand is more effective for the long time. As the problem of management modernization, yet a credit transactions. is the most important factor, only four markets have a plan for the credit transactions. And above all, we must realize that activation of traditional markets can be accomplished by merchant's own initiative participation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.639-648
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• 2021

The study aims to examine the role of financial risk management in predicting the financial performance of commercial banks in Pakistan over the period of 2006-2017. For this purpose, risk management is measured through credit risk, interest rate risk, and liquidity risk, while financial performance is measured through ROA, ROE, and ROI. For this purpose, the dynamic panel model and two step GMM panel estimators are used to test the hypothesis empirically. The annual secondary data has been taken from the published financial reports of commercial banks of Pakistan. The results show that financial risk management significantly decreases the financial performance of commercial banks in Pakistan. Overall, the results are conclusive across the alternative measures of financial risk management in predicting the financial performance of the banking sector in Pakistan. The study suggested that managers should adopt risk management and risk hedging strategies to manage commercial banks' financial risks in Pakistan. They should hold extra cash while using the trade credit facilities. Previous studies mostly used a static model, but this study used a dynamic panel model. This study is among the first that focused on the various factors affecting the banks' performance in Pakistan.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.162-188
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• 1988

The purpose of this study is to guide the direction of the Korean nursing education to analysize ⑴ the philosophy and objectives ⑵ curriculum, and ⑶ educational environment. This analysis is based on the data from 50 nursing schools (14 4-year colleges and 35 3-year colleges) The survey was conducted from Dec. 1986 through Jan. 1987 by mail. 1) Educational philosophy and objectives 10 4-year colleges and 8 3-year college program have curricular philosoph. Most popular curricular philosophies are human beings, health, nursing, nursology, nursing education, nurses role in the present and in the future. 10 nursing schools mentioned that human being is the subject to interact with : environment physically, mentally and socially. 2 schools mentioned that health is the state of functioning well physically, mentally and socially. 13 schools mentioned that the nursing is the dynamic act to maintain and to promote the highest possible level of health. 4 schools mentioned that the nursology is an applied science. 4 schools mentioned that nursing education is the process to induce the behavioural changes based on the individual ability. There is different opinion about the nurses' role between 4-year college and 3-year college. In the responses from 4-year colleges they focus on the leadership in effective changes, self-regulating and self-determining responsibilities, applying the new technology, continuing education, and participation in research to further nursing knowledge. In the responses from 3-year colleges, they focus on the education in college, primary health care nursing, direct care provider and public health education. Among 50 respondents 40 schools have educational goals which can be divided into two categories. One is to establish the moral and the other is to develop the professionalism. 2) Curriculm The analsis of curriculum is only based on the data from the 4-year colleges because the most of 3-year colleges follow the curriculum guideline set by the Ministry of Education. a) Comparison of the credits in cultural subject and in nursing major. The average required credit for graduation is 154.6 and the median credit is the range of 140-149. The average credit of cultural subjects is 43.4. In detail, the average number of credit of required course and elective courses are 24.1 and 19.3 respectively. The average credit for major subject is 111.2. In detail, the average credit for required courses and electives course are 100.9 and 10.4 respectively. In 5 colleges, students are offered even on elective course b) Comparison of the credit by class. The average earned credits are as follows : 41.1 in freshman, 400 in sophormore 38.3 in junior and 32.4 in senior. Cultural subjects are studied in early phases. c) Comparison of the compulsory and elective cultural subject by institute. The range of credit is 7-43 in compulsory cultural subjects and there are lot of differences among institutions. While all respondents require liberal arts as compulsary subjects, few respondents lists social science, natural science and behavioral science as required subjects. Social science-related subjects are frequently chosen as cultural subjects d) Distribution of creditsin cultural subjects by institute. The liberal art subjects are taught in 20 institute. English and physical education courses are taught in all instituions. The social science subjects are taught in 15 colleges and the basic Psycology and the Basic sociology are the most popular subjects. The natural science subjects are taught in 7 colleges and Biology and Chemistry are the most popular subjects among them. e) Distribution of credits in major basic courses by institute. Most of the institutes select Anatomy, Microbiology, Physiology, biochemistry and Pathology as basic major courses. f) Comparison of the required and elective courses for nursing major by institutions. Subjects and credit ranges in major are varing by institute. More than half of the respondents select the following subjects as required major subjects. (1) Adults Health Nursing and Practice (19.5 credits) (2) Mother and Child Care and Practice (8.9 credits) (3) Community Health Care and Practice (8.5 credits) (4) Psychiatric Nursing Care and Practice (8.1 credits) (5) Nursing Management and Practice (3.9 credits) (6) Fundamental of Nursing, Nursing Research and Health Assessment and Practice. Three institutions select Introduction to nursing, Rehabilitation Nursing, School Nursing, Public Health Nursing, Nursing English, Communication, Human Development as electives in nursing major. 3) Educational environment a) Nursing institution There are forty-three 3-year colleges and seventeen 4-year colleges and 81.4% of which are private b) Number of students and faculty 19.2% of the students are in 4-year colleges and 80.8% of the students are in 3-year colleges. In 4-year colleges, the number of nursing faculty members is in the other of assistant professor, instructor and professor. In 3-year colleges, the orderiis lecturer, associate professor, full time instructor and assistant professor. In 4-year colleges, 18.8 students are allocated per nursing faculty and in 3-year colleges, 33.1 students are allocated per nursing faculty. c) Clinical practices 66.7% of the 4-year colleges practice over 1201 hours in clinic and 28.5% of 3-year colleges practice over 1201 hours in clinic. In 4-year colleges, 11.5 students are allocated per nursing faculty and in 3-year colleges,17 students are allocated per nursing faculty The survey shows no difference in the procedure between 4-year colleges and 3-year colleges but 3-year colleges choose the more variety practicing site such as special hospital and community health clinic. d) Audiovisual facilities The survey shows a lot of difference in audiovisual facilities among institution and 3-year colleges are less equipped than 4-year colleges.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.122-132
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• 2014

Sustainability became the keyword of our society worldwide, and it is undoubtful that buildings are mainly responsible for green house gas emission and energy consumption. Among different project types, educational facility was selected in this study to find out what needs to be addressed in order to provide students better learning environments. Scorecards from 32 LEED certified school projects went through analysis and essential components as design strategies in sustainable educational facilities were extracted based on application rate of each credit in LEED for School(2009). The extracted data were further analyzed in comparison with related components in G-SEED. The results would be used as guidelines for those of who design sustainable education facilities and prepare green building certifications. and it would further foster architect's responsibility towards green society in Korea.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

Korean government had used public 'credit guarantee schemes' (CGS) as a counter-cyclical measure. However, it is still controversial about the effectiveness of policy financing on the SMEs. Criticism on policy financing involves the argument that supporting enterprises hampers competition and innovation of SMEs by increasing their dependence on the government and delays the exit of marginal firms. In this paper, we investigate how to effectively build up the rationale of running public CGSs. At the same time, we propose the ways to coexist of public credit guarantee and market-based private finance system for SMEs. First, CGS, as a counter-cyclical function, must coexist with the private financial system by compensating the market failure caused by pro-cyclical behavior of the private financial market. Second, CGS has the comparative advantages, compared to both the interest rate policy of the central bank and fiscal policy of the government. The credit guarantee is the symptomatic treatment that could revitalize the economy shortly by providing liquidity. Also, knowing that CGS is provided based on the leverage ratio defined by outstanding guarantee divided by capital fund, public 'credit guarantee' (CG) has an advantage that is free from the risk of government deficit. Third, the reason for existence of the CGS should be founded in supporting services for SMEs, available only in a public sector that is difficult to expect from private banks. In this regard, it is desirable to strengthen the publicness of credit guarantee over the support for start-ups, growing companies, the improvement of productivity, increase of exports, a long-term investment in facilities, the employment-creating businesses, and innovative enterprises.