• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1994년도 교수 연수회(역학)
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• pp.158-163
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• 1994

Slightly elevated urinary albumin excretion rate (microalhuminuria) is a marker of early diabectic nephropathy, but it is unclear if the established definition of microalbuminuria ($20-200{\mu}g/min$) is correct for children and adolescents. We investigated th.: albumin excretion rate, albumin/creatinine ratio and urinary albumin concentration in 150 healthy schoolchildren and adolescents to (a) obtain a reterence value for albumin excretion rate, (b) relate albumin excretion to pubertal stages and (c) evaluate albumin/creatinine ratio and morning albumin concentration as screening methods for elevated albumin excretion rate. Albumin concentration was measured by immunoturbidimetry in timed overnight urine samples. The albumin excretion showed a skewed distribution (geometric mean $3.2{\mu}g/min$, 95 percentile ($15.1{\mu}g/min$). In girls. a peak in the albumin excretion rate was found at the pubertal stage 4 (Tanner) and in boys at stage 5. Albumin/creatinine ratio of 2.5 mg/mmol as a screening level for elevated albumin excretion ($15{\mu}g/min$) showed a high positive (0.88) and negative (0.99) predictive value.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.970-981
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• 2002

To assess riboflavin status by dietary intake and urinary excretion of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of intakes of food and nutrient with urinary riboflavin excretion, riboflavin food frequencies of 40 common foods affecting intakes of riboflavin by food fequency method, nutrient intake by 24hr recall and 24hr urinary riboflavin excretion were measured with 97 preschool children. The mean riboflavin intake was 0.90 mg and above RDA. Dairy group was the primary source of riboflavin intake and provided 44.8% of the total daily riboflavin intake. The mean urinary riboflavin excretion and riboflavin excretion per gram of creatinine were 395.21$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 2110.41$\mu\textrm{g}$ respectively, The mean riboflavin intake (p<0.01, p<0.01), riboflavin density (p <0.001, p<0.001) and urinary riboflavin excretion per gram of creatinine (p<0.05, p<0.05) were significantly low with the two patterns of food group intake where dairy group was omitted (GMVFDS = 111101, consuming no dairy group and GMVFDS=l11001, consuming no fruit and dairy groups). On the basis of urinary riboflavin excretion per gram of creatinine, 14.3% of subjects in the group aged 1 to 3 and 18.2% of subjects in the group aged 4 to 6 were at risk of deficiency respectively. The urinary riboflavin excretion per gram of creatinine showed positive significant correlations with usual intakes of riboflavin from food groups of dairy (p<0.05), meat (p<0.05) and animal (p<0.05). So nutritional education is needed in order to consume dairy food group daily and to increase usual intake of animal food group including meat.(Korean J Nutrition 35(9) : 970~981, 2002)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.950-959
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• 2003

To assess zinc status by dietary intake and urinary excretion of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of intakes of food and nutrient with urinary zinc excretion, zinc food frequencies of 40 common foods affecting intakes of zinc by food fequency method, nutrient intake by 24hr recall and 24hr urinary zinc excretion were measured with 97 preschool children. The mean zinc intake was 4.29 mg and 43.0% of RDA. The mean zinc intake per 1,000 kcal was 3.09 mg.97.9％ of subjects had zinc intake less than 75％ of RDA. Grains food group was the primary source of zinc intake and supplied 38.9% of the total daily zinc intake. Altogether, plant food products supplied 49.7% of zinc intake. The mean urinary zinc excretion and zinc excretion per gram of creatinine were 0.19 mg and 1.00 mg respectively. The urinary zinc excretion showed positive significant correlations with height and weight (p < 0.05, p < 0.05) , urine volume and urinary creatinine excretion (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) , urinary zinc excretion per creatinine (p < 0.001) , urinary zinc excretion per weight (p < 0.001) , intakes of energy and carbohydrate (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and usual intake of zinc from eggs food group (p < 0.05) . In conclusion, these results show that the zinc intake of preschool children is low and that sources of dietary zinc are mainly plant foods, suggesting low bioavailability. So nutritional education is needed in order to inc-rease usual intake of animal food group. Interpretation of urinary zinc excretion data is complicated by current uncertainty about "normal" zinc level at this age group. Further studies are needed to obtain extensive data on urinary zinc excretion for this age group.age group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.786-796
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• 2001

To assess calcium and sodium and urinary excretion of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of intakes of food and nutrient with urinary calcium excretion, calcium and sodium food frequencies of 25 common foods affecting intakes of calcium and sodium per week, nutrient intake by 24hr recall and 24hr urinary calcium and sodium excretion were measured with 97 preschool children. The mean calcium intake was 436.11mg and below RDA. The mean sodium intake was 1890.11mg. The mean urinary calcium and sodium excretion were 42.88mg and 735.25mg respectivery. The mean urinary calcium/creatinine ratio was 0.20. The urinary calcium excretion showed positive significant correlations with weight, intake frequency of pizza consumed per week and urinary sodium excretion (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001). The urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine showed positive significant correlations with intake frequencies of pizza and common squid consumed per week(p<0.01, p<0.05) and negative correlation with intake frequencies of pizza and common squid consumed per week(p<0.01, p<0.05) and negative correlation with age(p<0.05). No significant relations were found between urinary calcium and intakes of calcium, protein and phosphorus. Urinary sodium was found to be the most important determinant of urinary calcium excretion. Intake frequency of pizza consumed per week was found to be the most important determinant of urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine. Based on the results, urinary calcium excretion was related to intake frequency of pizza consumed per week and urinary sodium excretion. Low calcium intake and increase of calcium loss in the urine potentiated by sodium intake during growth may reduce peak bone mass. So nutritional education is needed in order to increase calcium intake and decrease sodium intake, especially from food like pizza.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.151-159
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• 1972

Protein malnutrition of children is one of the most serious nutritional deficiencies in developing country. Urea nitrogen excretion in ureotelic animals is the function most sensitive to dietary protein. The 24 hours excretion of creatinine in the urine of a given subject is remarkably constant from day to day. The creatinine excretion of different individuals of the same age and sex is also quite constant. Low ratios of urinary urea to creatinine are found children low protein intake. The foregiving world-wide investigations indicate that the urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios seems to be a good biochemical indicator to distinguish among group with different levels of protein intake. The purpose of this study is to evluate an indicator of protein intake on the elementary school children ranged from 6 to 8 years of age living in rural and urban areas. Each child measured for height and weight of body. weight measured by means of a plate from scale and height by a vertical measuring rod. Biochemical test were taken from a finger-tip and urine. Hemoglobin level in the blood was measured by cyanomethemoglobin method. From the urine samples, urea nitrogen and urea creatinie were determined by Folin-Wu method and: calculate the ratio. The following result were obtained: 1) Mean of the body weight and height in urban children(Seoul) was higher and heavier than rural children(Kyunggi, Kangwon). And 12% of boys, 18% of girls in Kyunggi and 25% of boys, 22% of girls in Kangwon area weight less than 80% of Korean Physical Standard weight level. 2) The mean hemoglobin values of boys and girls in Seoul are children were 13. 3g/100ml, 13.1g/100ml and the mean of hemoglobin values in Kyunggi 12.9g/100ml of boys, 12.4g/100ml of girls, and 12.4g/100ml of boys, 12.9g/100ml of girls in Kangwon children. It is found that 22% to 24% children inrural area (Kyunggi, Kangwon) had hemoglobin level less than 12g/100ml which means anemia. 3) The mean of hematocrit level of Seoul, boys and girls children were 33.5%, 34.1% and 33.4%, 33.1%, in Kyunggi area and 33.1%, 32.9% in Kangwon area. 4) Urea nitrogen/creatinine ratios in Seoul children were 9. 0, 10. 0 of boys and girls, the ratio were 8.2, 8.0 in Kyunggi boys and girls children, and 7.5 and 7.4 in Kangwon boys, girls children. Low-income rural and upper-income urban background large differences between two groups in the urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio(Seoul: Kangwon in male, female children. p<0.05, p<0.001). The urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio definetly seems to be a good indicator of the quantity of the protein intake. However, whether or not it is an indicator of the quality of the ingested protein ramains to be seen.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2000

목 적 : 24시간 소변내 단백량을 예측하는데 있어 spot urine의 단백은 소변량에 따른 보정이 필요하여 spot urine의 protein/creatinine(P/Cr)비를 이용하여왔다. 하지만 크레아티닌 측정에 많은 시간과 비용이 소모되는 단점이 있고, 비중(specific gravity; SG)을 이용하여 creatinine(estimated creatinine; Cr-est)을 산출할 수 있다는 보고가 있어, 24시간 소변내 단백량을 예측하는데 P/Cr-est비의 유용성을 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1998년 3월부터 6월까지 고려대학교 의료원 구로병원 소아과에 내원한 환아 147명을 대상으로 spot urine에서 단백, creatinine과 비중을 측정하여 creatinine과 비중의 상관관계 및 그 관계식을 구하고 24시간 소변내 단백량과 비교하였다. 결 과 : 1) spot urine의 creatinine과 비중은 통계적으로 의의 있는 상관관계를 보였다(R=0.407, P<0.001, Cr=SG. x 4485.82-4482.87). 2) 24시간 소변내 단백량은 P/Cr비와 통계적으로 의의 있는 상관관계를 보였다(R=0.771, P<0.001, 24시간뇨중 단백=0.338 x (P/Cr) +667.885). 3) 24시간 소변내 단백 량은 P/Cr-est 비와 통계적으로 의의 있는 상관관계를 보였다. (R=0.723, P<0.001, 24시간뇨중 단백=0.354 x (P/Cr-est) +726.044) 결 론 : 소아단백뇨를 예측하는데 있어 spot urine의 비중으로 산출한 creatinine치를 이용하여 얻어진 P/Cr-est비가 선별검사로서 유용하게 사용될 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.150-156
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• 2008

목 적 : 단회뇨를 이용한 단백/크레아티닌 농도 비(P/C ratio)가 24시간 요단백량과 밀접한 상관관계가 있다는 연구결과가 보고되고 있다. 이에 저자들은 소아를 대상으로 하여 24시간 요단백량과 단회뇨의 P/C ratio 사이의 상관관계를 요단백량과 요크레아티닌 배설량에 따라 분석하고 이런 상관관계에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다.방 법 : 2003년 9월부터 2007년 12월까지 부산 백병원 소아청소년과 신장클리닉에 내원한 환아 210명을 대상으로 24시간 채뇨를 실시하여 단백량 과 크레아티닌 양, 사구체 여과율을 측정하였고, 24시간 채뇨 직후의 단회뇨를 이용하여 P/C ratio 를 측정하였다. 결 과 : 24시간 요단백량과 단회뇨의 P/C ratio는 전체 환자를 대상으로 하였을 때 0.840의 상관계수를 가지는 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 24시간 요단백량에 따라 분류된 군과 크레아티닌 배설량에 따라 분류한 각 군에서 모두 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 24시간 요단백량과 단회뇨의 P/C ratio 사이의 오차에 관여할 수 있는 일일 요단백량, 사구체 여과율, 크레아티닌 배설량, 연령, 성별 등에 대해 다중회귀분석을 실시하였고 요 크레아티닌 배설량만이 통계적으로 유의한 인자로 분석 되었고, 나머지 일일 단백량, 사구체 여과율, 연령, 성별들은 유의하지 않았다. 결 론 : 소아에서 광범위한 조사군을 대상으로 하여 연령이나 성별에 따른 크레아티닌 배설량을 고려하여 P/C ratio의 cutoff치를 설정한다면 단회뇨의 P/C ratio는 24시간 요단백량을 대치할 수 있는 방법으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.69-73
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• 2022

Proteinuria is an early hallmark of kidney disease and a major risk factor for systemic cardiovascular diseases. There are several methods to measure proteinuria, such as the urine dipstick test, 24-hour urinary protein excretion method, and spot urine for the protein-to-creatinine ratio. The urine dipstick test is simple but inaccurate. The 24-hour urinary protein excretion method is the gold standard; however, it is cumbersome, especially in children. Spot urine for the protein-to-creatinine ratio is simple and accurate, but has limitations. Specific urinary protein such as albumin can be measured instead of the total protein content. Tests should be avoided in situations that cause transient proteinuria or false-positive results. It should be performed correctly, and its limitations should be recognized and interpreted accurately.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.6-10
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• 2000

목 적 : 출생 후 며칠간의 신생아의 creatinine수치는 모체의 영향을 받으므로 소변의 creatinine을 상수로 용질 배설 측정을 하는 것은 의미가 없을 수도 있다는 보고가 있어, 저자들은 신생아에서 일정한 간격으로 측정된 소변 creatinine이 차이가 있는가에 대하여 연구를 시행하게 되었다. 방 법 : 1998년 7월부터 8월까지 출생한 건강한 신생아를 대상으로 하여 두 번의 소변을 측정하였으며, 대조군으로는 그 기간 동안 입원한 소아과 병동의 환아를 대상으로 하였다. 신생아군은 49명이고 대조군은 33명이었으며, 신생아군의 첫 소변은 출생 첫날 시행하였고 비교군의 첫 소변시 나이는 $5.7{\pm}4.3$세였다. 신생아군과 대조군에서 처음과 두 번째 소변간의 간격은 2-3일이었다. 통계분석은 sigmastat 2.0을 사용하여 단순 선형 회귀 분석, t-test, paired t-test를 이용하였다. 결 과 : Creatinine mg/dL(Mean${\pm}$SD)은 첫 소변, 두 번째 소변에서 각각 신생아군은 $32.5{\pm}29,\;29.2{\pm}23$이고 대조군은 $57.7{\pm}51,\;58.8{\pm}51$으로 두 군 모두 첫 소변과 두 번째 소변의 소변 creatinine치는 차이가 없으며, 두 군간의 평균치의 비교분석은 유의한 차이를 보였다(P<0.01). 첫 소변과 두 번째 소변간의 creatinine평균치의 상관성에서 신생아군은 r=0.504(P<0.001)이고 대조군은 r=0.631(P<0.001)이었으며, creatinine/osmolality로 보정 후에도 각각 상관계수 0.506(P<0.001), 0.386(P<0.001)으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 결 론 :신생아의 첫 소변과 두 번째 소변에서 creatinine의 비교분석에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으며 따라서 신생아에서도 용질배설 측정시 creatinine을 기준치로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 국제학술대회
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• pp.286-288
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• 2005

This study was conducted to compare the fluoride concentrations in urine of preschool children aged 3${\sim}$6 years between residing in community water fluoridation area(Kwangju City) and non-fluoridation area(Sungnam City). The acid-diffusible fluoride in the urine and drinking water was isolated by the acid-diffusion technique and measured with a fluoride electrode. The mean daily fluoride excretion to urine of children residing in Kwangju and Sungnam were $1.27{\pm}0.75mgF^-$/g creatinine and $0.87{\pm}47 mgF^-$/g creatinine, respectively. It is concluded from this investigation that the $F^-$concentration in urine sample of kindergarten and drinking water of children living in Kwanju(fluoridated areas) were significantly higher than that of children living in Sungnam(non-fluoridated areas).